Search request: F TW SPEECH SYNTHESIS Search result: 41 citations in the PsycINFO database Display: 1-41 LONG ABS 1. Author: Rahim, Mazin G.; Goodyear, Colin C.; Kleijn, W. Bastiaan; Schroeter, Juergen; and others. Affiliation: Rutgers U, CAIP Ctr, Piscataway, NJ, US. Title: On the use of neural networks in articulatory speech synthesis. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1993 Feb, v93 (n2):1109-1121. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Neural Networks. Synthetic Speech. Articulation (Speech). Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Neural network methods for acoustic to articulatory mapping in speech synthesis. Abstract: Articulatory synthesis, which models the vocal apparatus directly and can incorporate interaction of the source and filter, promises greater naturalness and may provide better rule-based systems for dealing with coarticulation and concatenation. The authors describe a neural network approach that can accommodate the complexity in mapping acoustic parameters into geometric parameters. The proposed model is based on an assembly of multilayer perceptrons, each designated to a specific region in the articulatory space. Acoustic-to-geometric mapping methods (codebook look-up, single neural network, and an assembly of neural networks) and methods for training the assembly of neural networks on normalized articulatory parameters and real speech data are described. Simulation results and spectrograms of synthesized speech using these mapping techniques are presented. Suggestions are given on the use of neural networks in articulatory analysis/synthesis. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 2. Author: Hjelmquist, Erland; Dahlstrand, Ulf; Hedelin, Lisbeth. Affiliation: U Goteborg, Sweden. Title: Visually impaired persons' comprehension of text presented with speech synthesis. Source: Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 1992 Dec, v86 (n10):426-428. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Memory. Listening Comprehension. Synthetic Speech. Visually Handicapped. Age Differences. Experience Level. Oral Communication. Speech Rate. Text Structure. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Experience & text type & speed, memory & comprehension of texts presented with synthetic vs natural speech, visually impaired 35-55 vs 65-80 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated 3 groups of visually impaired persons (aged 35-80 yrs) with respect to memory and understanding of texts presented with speech synthesis and natural speech, respectively. Results show that speech synthesis generally yielded lower results than did natural speech. Experience had no effect on performance, and there were only marginal effects related to age. However, there were big differences among the groups with respect to the presentation speed chosen in the speech-synthesis condition. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 3. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Granstrom, Bjorn. Affiliation: Royal Inst of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Title: The use of speech synthesis in exploring different speaking styles. European Speech Communication Association Workshop: Phonetics and phonology of speaking styles: Reduction and elaboration in speech communication (1991, Barcelona, Spain). Source: Speech Communication, 1992 Oct, v11 (n4-5):347-355. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Speech Characteristics. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. General terms: Experimentation. Key phrase: Speech synthesis systems & research on variability in speech, implications for future text to speech systems, conference presentation. Abstract: Argues that speech synthesis systems are efficient tools for studying the variability in speech. The possibility of varying speaker type and speaking style will be a feature of the next generation of text-to-speech systems. The need for these possibilities is apparent in dialog systems and when speech synthesis is used as a prosthesis for persons with a communication handicap. Some different methods of speech synthesis are reviewed, representing both analysis/synthesis techniques and signal manipulations, as well as text-to-speech. Experiments with the rule-synthesis system (R. Carlson et al, 1990) are described, including those involving superhuman speech rates and speaker attitudes. (German & French abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 4. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Granstrom, Bjorn; Nord, Lennart. Affiliation: Royal Inst of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Title: Neglected dimensions in speech synthesis. European Speech Communication Association Workshop: Phonetics and phonology of speaking styles: Reduction and elaboration in speech communication (1991, Barcelona, Spain). Source: Speech Communication, 1992 Oct, v11 (n4-5):459-462. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Characteristics. Prosody. Synthetic Speech. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech intensity & prosody correlates & application to speech synthesis, conference presentation. Abstract: Explores the use of speech intensity and also other segmental correlates of prosody and examines its application to synthesis. Intensity has a dynamic aspect, discriminating emphasized and reduced stretches of speech. A more global aspect of intensity must be controlled when different speaking styles are modeled. A model of the continuum from soft to loud speech is described. (French & German abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 5. DISSERTATION Author: Gunderson, Jon. Affiliation: U Wisconsin, Madison, US. Title: Perception of accelerated synthesized speech (speech synthesis, intelligibility). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1992 Sep, v53 (n3-B):1550. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visually Handicapped. Man Machine Systems. Synthetic Speech. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Rate of information exchange with computer & intelligibility of synthesized speech, visually impaired. 6. Author: Sydeserff, H. A.; Caley, R. J.; Isard, S. D.; Jack, M. A.; and others. Affiliation: Ctr for Speech Technology Research, Edinburgh, Scotland. Title: Evaluation of speech synthesis techniques in a comprehension task. Source: Speech Communication, 1992 Jun, v11 (n2-3, Spec Issue):189-194. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Evaluation of comprehensibility of speech synthesis types, adults. Abstract: Six types of speech synthesis were evaluated for comprehensibility: standard linear predictive coding analysis/resynthesis; pitch synchronous analysis/resynthesis; pitch synchronous residual excited analysis/resynthesis; and 3 pitch synchronous overlap-and-add (PSOLA) techniques. The relative comprehensibility of the synthesis types was tested by using the synthesized speech to convey information that Subjects needed in order to perform a diagram-based multiple-choice task. 135 adults were presented with 9 blocks of questions in 9 different "voices" (the 6 conditions and 3 controls). Questions read directly by 2 men produced the highest number of correct answers, followed by residual excited analysis, and by various PSOLA techniques. (French & German abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 7. Author: Kuwabara, Hisao; Takagi, Tohru. Affiliation: Nishi-Tokyo U, Yamanashi, Japan. Title: Acoustic parameters of voice individuality and voice-quality control by analysis-synthesis method. Special Issue: Speaker characterization in speech technology. Source: Speech Communication, 1991 Dec, v10 (n5-6):491-495. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Pitch (Frequency). Speech Characteristics. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Voice pitch & formant frequencies & bandwidths, perception of voice individuality, male speakers, Japan. Abstract: Conducted experiments on voice individuality using an analysis-synthesis system capable of modifying pitch, formant frequencies, and formant bandwidths. The vocal tract resonance characteristics of 2 male Japanese speakers were altered as they pronounced a nonsense word. Three listeners familiar with the speakers' voices attempted to identify the modified voices. Results show that the perception of voice individuality was significantly affected by formant shifts, especially of the lower 3, and was completely lost for a uniform shift of 5%. Pitch frequency and bandwidth manipulation, on the other hand, were less important to the individuality perception. (French & German abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 8. Author: Hermes, Dik J. Affiliation: Inst for Perception Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Title: Synthesis of breathy vowels: Some research methods. Special Issue: Speaker characterization in speech technology. Source: Speech Communication, 1991 Dec, v10 (n5-6):497-502. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vowels. Synthetic Speech. Speech Characteristics. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech synthesis of natural sounding breathy vowels. Abstract: Discusses problems in the synthesis of a natural-sounding breathy voice, including the integration of noisy components. When stationary noise is used, the noise is to a large extent perceived as coming from a separate sound source. This problem can be solved by using noise with a temporal envelope of the same periodicity as the pulse train. In a simple source-filter model, a combination of low-pass-filtered pulses and synchronous high-pass-filtered noise bursts of equal energy was used as a source signal. In this way, the noise was no longer perceived as a separate sound, but integrated perceptually with the strictly periodic part of the signal. Results from experiments show that this integration consisted of both a reduction of the loudness of the separate noise stream and a timbre change in the breathy vowel. (German & French abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 9. DISSERTATION Author: Moore, John H. Affiliation: Council for National Academic Awards, London, England. Title: Digitizing human faces for the analysis and synthesis of visible speech. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1991 Nov, v52 (n5-B):2525. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Face (Anatomy). Lipreading. Computer Applications. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Digitizing & modeling human face on computer for visible speech analysis & synthesis, implications for training lip reading & parametric animation. 10. Author: Bailly, G.; Laboissiere, R.; Schwartz, J. L. Affiliation: Inst de la Communication Parlee, Grenoble, France. Title: Formant trajectories as audible gestures: An alternative for speech synthesis. Special Issue: Speech synthesis and phonetics. Source: Journal of Phonetics, 1991 Jan, v19 (n1):9-23. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Speech Characteristics. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech synthesis by rule & concatenative synthesis methods, analysis of formant trajectories as audible gestures. Abstract: Presents an alternative to 2 well-known speech synthesis methods: synthesis-by-rule and concatenative synthesis. The latter methods are based on description, stylization, or storage of natural data. In the new approach, inspired by motor control theory, speech is considered as the consequence of articulatory task-oriented gestures that satisfy a set of constraints. These constraints come from kinematic properties of the controlled biological system and dynamic constraints issued by the phonological task. The proposed model of control for an anthropomorphic articulatory model is able to solve problems with excess degrees of freedom according to explicit constraints imposed on any level of control. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 11. Author: Guseva, N. A. Affiliation: School for the Mentally Retarded No 295, Moscow, USSR. Title: / Work upon sound analysis and synthesis with the mentally retarded pupils of junior forms at the lessons of speech therapy. Source: Defektologiya, 1991 (n2):40-43. Language: Russian. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Therapy. Speech Perception. Mentally Retarded. Games. Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Game & play strategies for speech therapy, work on sound analysis & synthesis, mentally retarded children. Abstract: Describes games and play strategies recommended for teaching sound analysis and synthesis to mentally retarded children in prereading and reading stages. Learning of sounds and letters, differentiation of vowels vs consonants, and analysis of the sound and letter structure of words are considered. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 12. Author: Cohen, Michael M.; Massaro, Dominic W. Affiliation: U California, Program in Experimental Psychology, Santa Cruz, US. Title: Synthesis of visible speech. Source: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1990 Apr, v22 (n2):260-263. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Pictorial Stimuli. Computer Applications. Synthetic Speech. Facial Expressions. Computer Simulation. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Computerized facial animation system, study of visual speech synthesis. Abstract: Presents a facial animation system that can be used to study visible speech synthesis. The system makes it possible to study visual and bimodal (visual-auditory) speech perception and to create novel speech segments for presentation in psychophysical tasks. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 13. Author: Pavlovic, Chaslav V.; Rossi, Mario; Espesser, Robert. Affiliation: CNRS Inst de Phonetique, U d'Aix-Marseille I, France. Title: Use of the magnitude estimation technique for assessing the performance of text-to-speech synthesis systems. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1990 Jan, v87 (n1):373-382. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Speech Characteristics. Adult Attitudes. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Acceptability & intelligibility & naturalness of synthesized speech as measured in magnitude estimation task, college students. Abstract: Assessed the effectiveness of measuring 114 college students' impressions of synthesized speech, using a magnitude estimation (ME) task and focusing on acceptability, intelligibility, and naturalness. In terms of the procedural issues of MEs, the judgments depended on familiarity with the test material and were independent of the condition set size and the perceptual distance between the conditions. Data provide evidence that MEs are on an absolute scale. ME ratings seem strongly related to the objective speech intelligibility measures. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 14. Author: Holtse, Peter; Hansen, Peter M. Affiliation: Kobenhavns U, Inst for Almen og Anvendt Sprogvidenskab, Copenhagen, Denmark. Title: Talegenkendelse og Talesyntese. / Speech recognition and speech synthesis. Source: Psyke & Logos, 1988, v9 (n2):337-356. References. Language: Danish. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Articulation (Speech). Synthetic Speech. Technology. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Research on speech recognition & production & synthesis technology. Abstract: Considers some problem areas in research on the recognition and synthesizing of language. A model of speech recognition and production, containing the various levels of processing necessary for both, is presented and discussed. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 15. Author: Mirenda, Pat; Beukelman, David R. Affiliation: U Nebraska, Lincoln, US. Title: A comparison of speech synthesis intelligibility with listeners from three age groups. Source: AAC: Augmentative & Alternative Communication, 1987 Sep, v3 (n3):120-128. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Age Differences. Speech Perception. School Age Children. Word Recognition. Sentence Comprehension. Childhood. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Age, single word vs sentence intelligibility for 4 voice types, 6-40 yr olds. Abstract: Compared single word and sentence intelligibility (IN) for 4 voice types (3 synthesizers and a natural speaker) by a total of 15 Subjects from 3 groups (6-8 yrs of age, 10-12 yrs of age, and adult). Single word IN scores were lower than sentence IN scores for the synthesizers but not the natural speaker. For single word IN, significant differences were observed. For sentence IN, there were differences in IN scores across age groups and voices as well as group-by-voice interaction. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 16. Author: Bartkova, Katarina; Sorin, Christel. Affiliation: Ctr National d'Etudes des Telecommunications, Lannion, France. Title: A model of segmental duration for speech synthesis in French. Source: Speech Communication, 1987 Sep, v6 (n3):245-260. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Consonants. Vowels. Phonetics. Oral Communication. Language. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Definition of rules for consonant & vowel segmental duration predictions for speech synthesis, native speakers of French. Abstract: Presents a set of rules to predict phoneme durations for synthesis applications in French. The rules use a speaker-independent intrinsic duration for each phoneme and a lengthening/shortening coefficient reflecting the effects of context and speaking style. The model can yield different sets of phoneme durations as produced by different speakers. The validity of the model was tested on 2 male speakers; mean differences between predicted and measured durations were less than 18 msec. (German & French abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 17. Author: Keating, D. L.; Evans, A. L.; Wyper, D. J.; Cunningham, E. Affiliation: West of Scotland Health Boards, Dept of Clinical Physics & Bio-Engineering, Glasgow. Title: A comparison of the intelligibility of some low cost speech synthesis devices. Source: British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1986 Aug, v21 (n2):167-172. 6 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Apparatus. Synthetic Speech. Speech Characteristics. Speech Therapy. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Intelligibility for distinctive features of speech & phoneme generation & linear productive coding & text to speech & adaptive differential pulse code modulation synthesis, low-cost speech synthesis products. Abstract: Measured the intelligibility for the distinctive features of speech--voicing, nasality, sustention, sibilation, graveness, and compactness--of 4 common, low-cost speech synthesis products, using a diagnostic rhyme test. Findings show significant differences in the intelligibility scores for phoneme generation, linear predictive coding (LPC), text to speech, and adaptive differential pulse code modulation syntheses. It is suggested that the method of choice for a low-cost portable speech aid appears to be LPC with a phoneme-based backup for words not stored in the memory bank. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 18. DISSERTATION Author: Jeng, Juimn-ching. Affiliation: State U New York, Buffalo. Title: On the analysis, synthesis and recognition of speech using the linear predictive principle. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1986 Aug, v47 (n2-B):696. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Computer Applications. Speech Processing (Mechanical). Models. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Application of linear predictive principle, speech analysis & synthesis & recognition. 19. REPORT Author: Drott, Britt-Marie. Title: Facilitating reading for blind people: A study of Braille- and speech synthesis presentation of a computerized daily newspaper. Source: Goteborg Psychological Reports, 1986, v16 (n3):56. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Blind. Computer Applications. Apparatus. Newspapers. Braille. Radio. Speech Processing (Mechanical). Reading. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech vs Braille synthesis of newspapers via radio transmission, blind Subjects, Sweden. Abstract: Discusses equipment for providing computerized reading material for the blind, and reviews 2 interview studies in which blind Swedish adult Subjects read a daily newspaper via radio transmission to the home. Modern technology has made many resources available to the blind. In the studies reviewed, 10 blind Subjects received a transmitted daily paper on a Braille terminal or through a speech synthesizer. In both situations Subjects were pleased to receive the paper in its entirety without relying on the screening of another person. Good Braille readers preferred the transmission; poor Braille readers preferred the speech synthesizer, which is considered probably more useful for most blind people. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 20. Author: Deliege, R. J.; Waterham, R. P. Affiliation: Inst for Perception Research Foundation, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Title: Application of speech synthesis and resynthesis in two speech-communication aids. Source: IPO Annual Progress Report, 1986 (n21):110-115. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Oral Communication. Apparatus. Computer Applications. Speech Disorders. Vocabulary. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Prototype synthetic speech aids with limited vs unlimited vocabulary, speech impaired populations. Abstract: Describes 2 projects, aimed at different speech-impaired populations, that are investigating the usefulness of synthetic speech aids. In one project, fixed, prestored sentences are used to create a small, easy to operate speech aid with a limited vocabulary. The other project gives the user an unlimited vocabulary by using text-to-speech conversion and diphone concatenation. In both projects prototypes are being evaluated by potential users. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 21. DISSERTATION Author: Grice, Donald G. Affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Title: Adaptive bandpass filtering and its relationship to techniques used in speech compression, synthesis, and recognition. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1985 Sep, v46 (n3-B):919. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Processing (Mechanical). Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Adaptive bandpass filtering & mechanical speech processing. 22. Author: Tatham, M. A. Affiliation: U Essex, Ctr for Cognitive Science, Colchester, England. Title: An integrated knowledge base for speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition. Source: Journal of Phonetics, 1985 Apr, v13 (n2):175-188. 35 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Phonetics. Speech Perception. Synthetic Speech. Cognitive Processes. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Cognitive theory of phonetics, speech synthesis & automatic speech recognition. Abstract: Presents an outline of a cognitively oriented theory of phonetics, with emphasis on the modeling of a speaker's/hearer's phonological and phonetic knowledge base. Developments in the cognitive theory of phonetics are discussed that suggest that production and perception are mutually dependent to the extent that they can be thought of as modalities of the same system. Speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition can thus be brought together by sharing a common knowledge base. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 23. Author: Kuwabara, Hisao. Affiliation: Japan Broadcasting Corp, Science & Technical Research Labs, Tokyo. Title: A pitch-synchronous analysis/synthesis system to independently modify formant frequencies and bandwidths for voiced speech. Source: Speech Communication, 1984 Dec, v3 (n3):211-220. 5 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Pitch. Speech Processing (Mechanical). Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Pitch-synchronous analysis/synthesis system, manipulation of formant frequencies & bandwidths for voiced speech, applications in voice modification & speech perception research. Abstract: Presents an analysis/synthesis system that is based on the covariance method and is capable of independent manipulation of the formant frequencies and bandwidths for voiced speech. Analysis is performed pitch synchronously and is based on the local minimum of the normalized squared error; once formant frequencies and their bandwidths have been estimated, modifications are performed so that the modified formants and/or bandwidths are the solution to the polynomial equation. The present system has applications in voice modification and speech perception as a tool for investigating voice quality and personality. (German & French abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 24. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Carrat, R. Affiliation: Ctr Regional d'Audiophonologie Infantile, Tours, France. Title: Analysis and synthesis of speech regarding cochlear implant. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium: Cochlear implants (1983, Paris, France). Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1984 Suppl, v411:85-94. 23 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Speech Perception. Synthetic Speech. Deaf. Hearing Aids. Adulthood. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Formant vocoder device, speech perception, deaf patients, conference presentation. Abstract: Describes the production and testing of a formant vocoder making an analysis-synthesis to reduce speech. The principle of the device was based on the requirements that speech be transmitted in a narrow bandwidth, that it be capable of continuous analysis of the acoustic object of speech, and that it act to transfer the semantic skeleton to the frequency scale. Tests with 7 totally deaf patients showed that the formantic coding device was more efficient than the conventional acoustic device. Better discrimination of tone and pitch, excellent recognition of time, and better identification of phonatomes were observed. When a totally deaf patient is not able to sufficiently discriminate at least 12 frequencies and bandwidths, it is not possible to transmit coded speech by acoustic means. Information transferring can then be attempted through cochlea electric coding. Based on the results obtained by acoustic coding of speech according to the principle of the formant vocoder (an analysis-synthesis with transposition of bands in the rest of the acoustic field), it is suggested that the same process can be used for cochlear implants. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 25. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Bridle, J. S.; Chamberlain, R. M. Affiliation: Joint Speech Research Unit, Cheltenham, England. Title: Automatic labelling of speech using synthesis-by-rule and non-linear time-alignment. 11th International Congress on Acoustics Satellite Symposium: The processes for phonetic coding and decoding of speech (1983, Toulouse, France). Source: Speech Communication, 1983 Jul, v2 (n2-3):187-189. 5 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Processing (Mechanical). Algorithms. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Synthesis-by-rule & nonlinear time alignment, automatic labeling of speech, conference presentation. Abstract: Presents a technique for the description of natural speech patterns that can be used in automating the labeling of speech databases. The technique makes use of the 2nd and 1st authors' (1983) dynamic programming algorithm that determines the corresponding times in 2 utterances of the same text. From a sequence of phonetic symbols of a natural utterance, a synthetic version is made, using a synthesis-by-rule algorithm. After aligning the time scales of the natural and synthetic versions with this algorithm, the segmental information underlying the synthetic version is transferred to natural speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 26. Author: Darwin, C. J. Affiliation: U Sussex, England. Title: Analysis and synthesis of mixed excitation LPC coded speech. Source: IPO Annual Progress Report, 1982 (n17):51-56. 6 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Voice. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Voicing parameters, system for synthesis of speech. Abstract: Describes a system that has been proven capable of producing speech that shows some improvements over conventional resynthesis. This method replaces the normal voiced/voiceless binary decision by a multivalued parameter representing the cutoff frequency between voiced (buzz) and voiceless (noise) excitation. The synthesis of mixed-excitation speech, estimation of mixed-excitation cutoff frequency, and the performance of the analysis/resynthesis system are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 27. Author: Elsendoorn, B. A.; 't Hart, J. Affiliation: Inst for Perception Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Title: Exploring the possibilities of speech synthesis with Dutch diphones. Source: IPO Annual Progress Report, 1982 (n17):63-65. 4 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Synthetic Speech. Computer Applications. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Development of computer-controlled concatenation of speech using Dutch diphones. Abstract: Describes the development of a system for the computer-controlled concatenation of speech using Dutch diphones. The resulting speech is easy to understand and of remarkably good quality, even though no smoothing algorithm or rules for the production of correct durations were applied. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 28. Author: Clark, John E. Affiliation: Macquarie U School of English & Linguistics, Speech & Language Research Ctr, North Ryde, Australia. Title: A low-level speech synthesis by rule system. Source: Journal of Phonetics, 1981 Oct, v9 (n4):451-476. 31 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Phonology. Phonetics. Synthetic Speech. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Phonological low level synthesis by rule system, speech synthesis. Abstract: A low level synthesis-by-rule system is described using a segment and feature input format. The system is designed to be used both as a means of stimulus generation for perception research and in conjunction with a high level phonological rule component. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 29. DISSERTATION Author: McGovern, Katharine A. Affiliation: U Minnesota. Title: Approximant consonants in word-initial clusters: Experiments in speech synthesis and perception. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1981 Jul, v42 (n1-B):413. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Consonants. Synthetic Speech. Speech Perception. Phonetics. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Synthetic vs natural production of approximants in word-initial clusters, phonetic perception, human Subjects. 30. DISSERTATION Author: Aldridge, James W. Affiliation: State U New York, Binghamton. Title: Verbal short-term storage and analysis-by-synthesis of speech: Evidence for common mechanisms. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1976 Jun, v36 (n12-B, Pt 1):6407. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Short Term Memory. Interference (Learning). Human Information Storage. Language. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Engagement of speech production processes in interpolated interfering vs noninterfering task, verbal short term storage & analysis of stimuli by synthesis. 31. Author: Ainsworth, W. A.; Millar, J. B. Affiliation: U Keele, England. Title: Allophonic variations of stop consonants in a speech synthesis-by-rule program. Source: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1976 Mar, v8 (n2):159-168. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Characteristics. Computer Software. Consonants. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Modification of computer program so stop consonant generation rules depend upon context, intelligibility of stop consonants in isolated consonant-vowel syllables. Abstract: In natural speech the acoustic form of each consonant is affected by its context, especially by the vowel which follows it. The computer program of J. N. Holmes et al (1964) for synthesizing speech by rule from phonetic data was modified by the present authors so that the rules for generating stop consonants depend upon context. Results of listening tests with the authors and 6 other Subjects as listeners show that this expedient increased the intelligibility of stop consonants in isolated consonant-vowel syllables from 68 to 92%. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 32. Author: Ainsworth, W. A. Affiliation: U Keele, England. Title: Performance of a speech synthesis system. Source: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1974 Sep, v6 (n5):493-511. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Speech Processing (Mechanical). Speech Characteristics. Apparatus. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vowel & fricative & word identification from parametric speech synthesizer from phonetic input, listeners. Abstract: Describes a system for synthesizing speech from a phonetic imput. A string of phonetic symbols representing the sentence to be uttered is transformed into the control signals required by a parametric speech synthesizer using a small digital computer. Performance tests with 20 listeners resulted in ready identification of vowels, less identification of fricatives, and 90% identification of words. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 33. DISSERTATION Author: Goldstein, David M. Affiliation: U Connecticut. Title: Learning to read and developmental changes in covert speech and in word analysis and synthesis skill. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1974 Jul, v35 (n1-B):541. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Reading Education. Reading Achievement. Language Development. Phonetics. Reading Skills. Preschool Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Reading training, development of covert speech & word analysis & synthesis skill as predictors of reading achievement, 4 yr olds. 34. Author: Brown, Bruce L.; Strong, William J.; Rencher, Alvin C. Affiliation: Brigham Young U. Title: Manipulation of vocal qualities by speech synthesis: A new way to study person perception. Source: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1972, v7 (nPt. 1):197-198. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Social Perception. Verbal Communication. Verbal Communication. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Personality. Key phrase: Personality judgments of speakers, acoustic manipulation of speech. Abstract: Conducted 2 experiments testing the effects of acoustic manipulations of speech on the personality judgments made of speakers. In Exp. I, with 48 university and trade-school students, recorded as they recited 4 standard sentences, the variance of intonation was increased and decreased by 50% for 8 speakers. There was a significant trend for increased intonation to cause the voice to be rated more "benevolent" by 56 judges and decreased intonation to cause it to be rated less "benevolent." In Exp. II, using the recorded voices of 11 male college students and 2 professors, rate was decreased for 4 speakers and increased for 4. Slowing the voice 50% caused it to be rated less competent. The effects of speeding could not be evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1972 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 35. BOOK Author: Flanagan, James L. Affiliation: Bell Lab., Murray Hill, N.J. Title: Speech analysis: Synthesis and perception. (2nd ed.). Source: New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1972. x,. 444 pp. 444 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Book. Speech Perception. Verbal Communication. Speech Characteristics. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Analysis & synthesis & perception & computer processing & coding for digital communication, book. Abstract: Presents a new edition of a treatise on speech communication which aims at an analytical treatment of 3 areas of communication-acoustics: speech analysis, speech synthesis, and speech perception. Special emphasis is given to computer processing and to coding for digital communication. (21 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 36. Author: Gardiner, James C. Affiliation: Colorado State U. Title: A synthesis of experimental studies of speech communication feedback. Source: Journal of Communication, 1971 Mar, v21 (n1):17-35. 55 references. Language: English. Pub type: Literature Review; Review. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Verbal Communication. Feedback. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Communication. Key phrase: Speech communication feedback, experimental studies. Abstract: Presents a summary and synthesis of experimental studies dealing with communication feedback. 2 types of studies were selected for review: (a) those focusing on communication receiver response and its effect on the communication source, and (b) those involving verbal conditioning, small group interaction, psychology of success and failure, and task performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1971 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 37. Author: Ramasubramanian, N.; Thosar, R. B. Affiliation: Inst. of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India. Title: Synthesis by rule of some retroflex speech sounds. Source: Language & Speech, 1971 Jan, v14 (n1):65-85. 23 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Foreign Languages. Verbal Communication. Auditory Stimulation. Computers. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Retroflex speech sound synthesis in Tamil, computer based rule formulation. Abstract: Describes a formulation of rules for the synthesis of tamil retroflex sounds. Based on palatograms, certain sounds were determined to be palatal retroflex sounds and based on spectrograms in v v context the relevant acoustic features were extracted and using them as input to a computer program these sounds were synthesized. A computer based speech program was used to synthesize these sounds and rules were formulated. Results confirm the importance of the 3rd formant and the transitions of vowels in the synthesis of tamil retroflex sounds. This further confirms the validity of the structural classification of speech sounds on the basis of place and manner of articulation mentioned in P. V. Rao and R. B. Thosar. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1972 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 38. Author: Rabiner, L. R.; Levitt, H.; Rosenberg, A. E. Affiliation: Bell Telephone Lab., Murray Hill, N.J. Title: Investigation of stress patterns for speech synthesis by rule. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1969, v45 (n1):92-101. 17 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Verbal Communication. Auditory Stimulation. Sentences. Stress. Language. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Speech synthesis by rule, stress patterns, suprasegmental features of utterance. Abstract: Investigated the factors most likely to affect the prosodic features of synthetic speech testing several combinations of increments in duration and fundamental frequency using a paired-comparison technique. The set of conditions producing the most natural sounding synthetic speech was obtained using a team of 6 listeners and 3 test sentences. The parameter values correspondin to this set of conditions were used to synthesize a new group of 5 simple declarative sentences. The same 5 sentences were also synthesized using a procedure for synthesizing speech by rule. A 2nd paired-comparison experiment showed that the speech generated by the new scheme was preferred over the old in more than 80% of the comparisons. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1970 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 39. Author: Scott, Robert J. Affiliation: National Security Agency, Ft. Meade, Md. Title: Time Adjustment in Speech Synthesis. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1967, v41 (n1):60-65. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Auditory Discrimination. Time. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Time-Adjusted Speech Intelligibility, Dichotic Presentation of Compressed Speech Segments. Abstract: SIMULATED FAIRBANKS' SPEECH TIME-ADJUSTING DEVICE USING A HYBRID COMPUTER. A DICHOTIC METHOD FOR TIME COMPRESSION OF SPEECH WAS INVESTIGATED IN WHICH ODD-NUMBERED TIME SEGMENTS WERE PRESENTED TO 1 EAR AND EVEN-NUMBERED SEGMENTS TO THE OTHER EAR. A PREFERENCE TEST SUGGESTED THAT SPEECH COMPRESSED WITH THE DICHOTIC METHOD MAY BE MORE INTELLIGIBLE THAN SPEECH COMPRESSED WITH FAIRBANKS' METHOD. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR TIME-ADJUSTED SPEECH AND POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ARE SUGGESTED. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1967 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 40. Author: Strong, William J. Affiliation: Brigham Young U. Title: Machine-Aided Formant Determination for Speech Synthesis. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1967, v41 (n6):1434-1442. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Computers. Verbal Communication. Speech Characteristics. Speech Development. Statistical Analysis. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Analysis. Key phrase: Speech Analysis-Synthesis. Abstract: DESCRIBES A SEMI-AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS-SYNTHESIS SCHEME THAT CAN BE VIEWED AS A "MANUAL FORMANT VOCODER." A HUMAN OPERATOR MAKES DECISIONS ABOUT FORMANT POSITIONS ON PROCESSED SPEECH DATA. THE PARAMETERS WHICH RESULT FROM THE OPERATOR DECISIONS ARE USED TO CONTROL A 4-POLE PARALLEL SYNTHESIZER. SPEECH PROCESSED BY THE SYSTEM HAD AN ERROR RATE OF 4.2% FOR VOWELS AND 16.9% FOR CONSONANTS. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1967 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 41. DISSERTATION Author: Scott, Robert J. Affiliation: U. Michigan. Title: Temporal Effects in Speech Analysis and Synthesis. Source: Dissertation Abstracts, 1966, v27 (n2-B):482. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Characteristics. Verbal Communication. Speech Development. Time. Automation. Engineering Psychology. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Analysis + Synthesis, Time Normalization + Automatic Speech Recognition, Speech Time Compression + Computer Simulation.