1. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker; Andersson, Jan; Linderoth, Eva. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Vibrotactile support: Initial effects on visual speech perception. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1993, v22 (n3):179-183. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Stimulation. Lipreading. Deaf. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vibrotactile support, speech perception & word discrimination & decoding, deaf vs hearing adults. Abstract: Investigated the initial effects of the implementation of vibrotactile support on the individual's speech perception ability. 16 adults with an acquired deafness and 16 adults with normal hearing participated in the study. Results indicate no immediate and direct improvement as a function of the implementation across all speech perception tests. However, when the Subjects were divided into skilled and less skilled groups, based on their performance in the visual condition of each test, the performance of the skilled Subjects deteriorated while that of the less skilled Subjects improved when tactile information was provided in word-discrimination and word-decoding conditions. Intercorrelations between discrimination and decoding tasks suggest that there are similarities between visually and tactilely supported speechreading in how they relate to sentence-based speechreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 2. Author: Samuelsson, Stefan; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Implicit and explicit use of scripted constraints in lip-reading. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1993 Jun, v5 (n2):201-233. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Schema. Sentence Comprehension. Lipreading. Contextual Associations. Models. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Script typicality & abstraction & hierarchical or temporal order & context, sentence comprehension, hearing adults, Sweden, application of script activation model. Abstract: The interaction between typicality, abstraction, and temporal order within scripts, and different contextual conditions, was specified in a lip-reading model of predictive sentence comprehension. The model suggests both an implicit and explicit mode of script processing, emphasising either hierarchical or temporal representations within scripts. In 5 experiments, 166 Subjects lip-read 48 sentences from 3 scripts. Different levels of abstraction, typicality, and temporal order were always embedded in each sentence. It was concluded that the predictive script model of lip-reading received strong support, and that a "weak" hierarchical view of scripts was compatible with implicit processing, whereas a "strong" temporal view was compatible with explicit script processing. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 3. Author: Massaro, Dominic W.; Cohen, Michael M.; Gesi, Antoinette T. Affiliation: U California, Program in Experimental Psychology, Santa Cruz, US. Title: Long-term training, transfer, and retention in learning to lipread. Source: Perception & Psychophysics, 1993 May, v53 (n5):549-562. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Transfer (Learning). Retention. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Learning. Key phrase: Fuzzy logic vs prelabeling integration training models, transfer & retention in learning to lipread, female college students. Abstract: Used a long-term training paradigm in lipreading to test the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP), which has been used to describe the joint contribution of audible and visible speech in bimodal speech perception. The predictions of the FLMP were contrasted with the predictions of a prelabeling integration model (PRLM). Six female college students were taught to lipread 22 initial consonants in 3 different vowel contexts. Repeated testing was given on syllables, words, and sentences. The test items were presented visually, auditorily, and bimodally, at normal rate or 3 times normal rate. Subjects improved in their lipreading ability across all 3 types of test items. Relative to the PRLM, the FLMP gave a better description of the confusion matrices at both the beginning and the end of practice. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 4. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: La Trobe U, Bundoora, Vict, Australia. Title: Effects of a question-answer format on visual perception of sentences. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1992, v25:113-122. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Visual Stimulation. Sentences. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. General terms: Measurement. Treatment. Key phrase: Viewing of videotaped sentences in isolation vs following why questions, speech reading, hearing impaired 38-79 yr olds, assessment & therapeutic implications. Abstract: Compared visual perception of spoken sentences when they are received as answers in question-answer sequences and when they are received in isolation. 24 hearing-impaired Subjects (aged 38-79 yrs) attended visually to videotaped sentences (assertions) received in isolation and following Why-questions. Results, based on key-word scoring, show superior speech-reading performance when stimulus sentences follow Why-questions and when they are presented alone. This supports the need for realistic conversation-based assessment and therapy procedures that incorporate the principles of self-directed interaction. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 5. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: The effects of background noise and working memory capacity on speechreading performance. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1993, v22 (n2):67-70. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Noise Effects. Short Term Memory. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Background noise & working memory capacity, speechreading performance, 22-52 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated the effects of background noise and working memory capacity on speechreading performance using 20 normal-hearing individuals (aged 22-52 yrs). Results display no differences in speechreading performance (i.e., on a word-test and on a sentence-test) due to background noise. When working memory capacity was correlated with speechreading, only one of the 2 tests of working memory capacity (i.e., the reading span task) was found to be related to speechreading performance. This relationship applies to both speechreading tests, but only to 1 specific background noise condition in the tests: meaningful noise. Results are discussed with respect to the demands of simultaneous storage and processing in working memory and how these demands apply to speech-based noise distractors. Although performance was similar across different background noise conditions, they apparently engage different components of the individual's cognitive system. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 6. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: U Linkoping, Sweden. Title: Cognitive characteristics of skilled tactiling: The case of GS. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1993 Mar, v5 (n1):19-33. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Tactual Perception. Lipreading. Prosody. Cognitive Ability. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Discrimination. Key phrase: Cognitive ability & prosody discrimination skill in visual speech reading using tactiling, 54 yr old deaf male, Sweden, case study. Abstract: Investigated the cognitive characteristics of GS (aged 54 yrs), a person extremely proficient in visual speech-reading with tactile support. His method of "tactiling" involves placing his palm on the speaker's shoulder and his thumb on the neck/collar-bone, enabling him to pick up prosodic elements of speech. Compared with an age-matched control group of 49 hearing-impaired and 69 normal-hearing Subjects, GS can be characterized as having normal short-term memory for simple forms of testing but vastly superior skills for complex working memory function. GS showed excellent verbal inference-making skills and normal access speed in lexical aspects of his long-term memory. It is concluded that when tactiling, GS is endowed with cognitive skills that promote perception of higher-order meaning units, effectively handled in working memory by means of flexible, intelligent guesswork. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 7. Author: Hyde, M. B.; Power, D. J. Affiliation: Griffith U, Ctr for Deafness Studies & Research, Nathan, QLD, Australia. Title: The receptive communication abilities of deaf students under oral, manual, and combined methods. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1992 Dec, v137 (n5):389-398. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Perception. Sentence Comprehension. Deaf. Manual Communication. Fingerspelling. Sign Language. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Lipreading &/vs listening &/vs fingerspelling &/vs signed English presentations, sentence matching, severely vs profoundly deaf 10-17 yr olds. Abstract: Tested 30 severely and profoundly deaf students (aged 10-17 yrs) on their abilities to choose, from a set of 4 pictures, the one matching a sentence presented on videotape under 11 different communication conditions. The communication conditions involved individual and combined presentations of lipreading, listening, fingerspelling, and signed English. Severely deaf Subjects scored higher than profoundly deaf Subjects under all conditions except those that involved signed English, where the profoundly deaf group scored as high as the severely deaf group. All of the Subjects scored higher under conditions that involved audition, including lipreading plus audition, than under audition alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 8. Author: Hnath-Chisolm, Theresa; Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: U South Florida, Coll of Social & Behavioral Communication Sciences, Tampa, US. Title: Speechreading enhancement by voice fundamental frequency: The effects of F-sub-0 contour distortions. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Oct, v35 (n5):1160-1168. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Voice. Word Recognition. Pitch (Frequency). Deaf. Sentence Structure. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Sentence length & speechreading with vs without processed vs unprocessed vs quantized voice fundamental frequency, recognition of words, normal hearing 24-40 yr olds, implications for deaf. Abstract: Recognition of words in sentences of known topic was measured in 12 normally hearing adults (aged 24-40 yrs) via speechreading alone and speechreading supplemented with auditory presentation of signals intended to convey variations of voice fundamental frequency (F-sub-0) over time. Three signals were used: (1) the low-pass filtered output of an electroglottograph (unprocessed F-sub-0), (2) a constant amplitude sine wave whose instantaneous frequency was intended to equal that of F-sub-0 (processed F-sub-0), and (3) the same sine wave restricted to a small number of discrete frequency steps (quantized F-sub-0). As the number of steps in the quantized F-sub-0 contours increased from 1 to 12, the speechreading enhancement effect increased. The quantized F-sub-0 contour with 12 steps was as effective as the processed F-sub-0 contour (without quantization), but this processed contour was significantly less effective than the unprocessed electroglottograph signal. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 9. Author: Gesi, Antoinette T.; Massaro, Dominic W.; Cohen, Michael M. Affiliation: U California, Santa Cruz, US. Title: Discovery and expository methods in teaching visual consonant and word identification. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Oct, v35 (n5):1180-1188. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Discovery Teaching Method. Teaching Methods. Lipreading. Word Recognition. Retention. Syllables. College Students. Adulthood. Vowels. Consonants. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Learning. Key phrase: Discovery vs expository training, learning to lipread consonant vowel syllables & retention & transfer to monosyllabic words, normal hearing college students. Abstract: Investigated the effectiveness of discovery and expository training on learning to lip-read consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and the extent to which this training transfers to monosyllabic words. 26 college students with normal hearing were trained over 3 days to lip-read CV syllables using either the discovery or the expository method. Subjects learned with training, but there was no difference between the 2 learning methods. As a retention measure, Subjects returned 4 wks later and repeated the training. There were significant savings of the original learning. Three weeks after the retention phase, Subjects were tested with a 10-item forced-choice monosyllabic word task. Subjects who had extensive training on CV syllables did no better on identifying the monosyllabic words than did a control group of 9 Subjects with no training. Nevertheless, performance for all 3 groups (discovery, expository, and no training) improved during training in the word identification task. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 10. Author: Demorest, Marilyn E.; Bernstein, Lynne E. Affiliation: U Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, US. Title: Sources of variability in speechreading sentences: A generalizability analysis. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Aug, v35 (n4):876-891. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Sentences. Statistical Analysis. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Sources of variability in speechreading sentences, 16-37 yr olds, application of generalizability analysis. Abstract: Generalizability theory was used to estimate the percentage of variance explained by 3 sources of variability in speechreading sentences: the subject, the talker, and the sentence materials. Videodisc recordings of the 100 CID Everyday Sentences spoken by a male and a female talker were presented to 104 university students. For performance on individual sentences (total number of words correct), the most important systematic sources of variability were the sentence (26.3%), the speechreader (10.5%), the talker (4.9%), and the interaction of talker and sentence (50.1%). Residual error accounted for 51.2% of the variance. Generalizability functions are presented as a function of test length for 5 models of test administration and interpretation. For 10-, 50-, and 100-item lists, generalizability is predicted to be .70, .92, and .96, respectively, for a single talker. Psychometric characteristics of the recordings of the CID sentences are presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 11. Author: Repp, Bruno H.; Frost, Ram; Zsiga, Elizabeth. Affiliation: Haskins Labs, New Haven, CT, US. Title: Lexical mediation between sight and sound in speechreading. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1992 Jul, v45A (n1):1-20. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Signal Detection (Perception). Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Lexical Access. Adulthood. Words (Phonetic Units). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Matching vs nonmatching word vs nonword utterance in simultaneous speech reading, lexical mediation in detection of speech in noise, adults. Abstract: Investigated whether simultaneous speech reading influences speech detection in envelope-matched noise in 2 experiments with 22 volunteers. Subjects attempted to detect the presence of a disyllabic utterance in noise while watching a speaker articulate a matching or nonmatching utterance. Speech detection was not facilitated by an audio-visual match, suggesting that Subjects relied on low-level auditory cues, the perception of which was immune to cross-modal, top-down influences. However, when stimuli were words, there was a relative shift in bias, suggesting that the masking noise itself was perceived as more speechlike when its envelope corresponded to the visual information. This bias shift was absent with nonword materials. Thus, the mapping from sight to sound was lexically mediated even when the cross-modal relationship was nonarbitrary. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 12. Author: Tyler, Richard S.; Opie, Jane M.; Fryauf-Bertschy, Holly; Gantz, Bruce J. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Future directions for cochlear implants. Special Issue: Cochlear implants. Source: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology, 1992 Jun, v16 (n2):151-164. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Deaf. Speech Perception. Social Interaction. Lipreading. Children. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Cochlear implants, speech production & perception & emotional outlook & social functions & lipreading, hearing impaired children & adults, implications for future development. Abstract: Reviews findings from adults and children using cochlear implants (CIs). Most studies found that adults and children with CIs are successful users. A method for measuring lipreading enhancement is presented by considering the percentage of possible enhancement. Prelingually deafened children with CIs are able to recognize some important speech features, although their progress is slow. Users of CIs are significantly less depressed, lonely, socially isolated, and suspicious following implantation; thus, CIs appear to contribute to the improved emotional outlook and social function of profoundly hearing-impaired patients. Future directions are identified for development of CIs in children and adults; these focus on improvements in understanding signals and noise, signal processing, optimal device adjustments, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 13. Author: Phillips, Agnes L. Affiliation: Montreal Oral School, PQ, Canada. Title: "Future directions for cochlear implants": Peer commentary. Special Issue: Cochlear implants. Source: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology, 1992 Jun, v16 (n2):165-166. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Deaf. Speech Perception. Social Interaction. Lipreading. Children. Professional Criticism. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Cochlear implants, speech production & perception & emotional outlook & social functions & lipreading, hearing impaired children & adults, implications for future development, commentary. Abstract: Comments on an article by R. S. Tyler et al (see PA, Vol 80:7202) regarding future directions for cochlear implants (CIs) and agrees that there is potential for impact for use of CIs in children. However, there are issues to overcome, such as lack of educational support for teachers and parents regarding long term use of CIs. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 14. DISSERTATION Author: MacDermaid, Catriona. Affiliation: U Surrey, Guildford, England. Title: Lipreading and language processing by deaf children. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1992 Apr, v52 (n10-B):5541. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Pictorial Stimuli. Language. Deaf. Spelling. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Lipreading vs pictorial stimuli, rhyme judgments & spelling errors, normal hearing vs deaf children. 15. Author: Tye-Murray, Nancy. Affiliation: U Iowa Hosps & Clinics, Dept of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Iowa City, US. Title: Preparing for communication interactions: The value of anticipatory strategies for adults with hearing impairment. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):430-435. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Interpersonal Communication. Partially Hearing Impaired. Instructional Media. Practice. Hearing Aids. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Workbook activities vs situation specific lipreading practice, speech recognition in communication interactions, normal hearing adults vs hearing impaired cochlear implant users. Abstract: Exp 1 evaluated the effectiveness of 2 types of anticipatory strategies: workbook activities and situation-specific lipreading practice. Two groups of 20 normal-hearing college students were asked to prepare for a communication interaction in a bank setting where they would be required to recognize speech using only the visual signal. A 3rd group of 10 Subjects were controls. Exp 2 evaluated whether multifaceted anticipatory practice improved 8 cochlear implant users' ability to recognize statements and words audiovisually that might occur in a doctor's office, bank, movie theater, and gas station. Eight Subjects with cochlear implants were controls. In both experiments, Subjects who used anticipatory strategies did not improve their performance on situation-specific sentence tests more than the control Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 16. Author: Lynch, Michael P.; Eilers, Rebecca E.; Pero, Patricia J. Affiliation: Purdue U, West Lafayette, IN, US. Title: Open-set word identification by an adult with profound hearing impairment: Integration of touch, aided hearing, and speechreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):443-449. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Perception. Hearing Aids. Lipreading. Word Recognition. Deaf. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactile & hearing aids & speechreading, word identification, deaf 36 yr old female. Abstract: A list was obtained of 735 words that a 36-yr-old woman with a profound hearing impairment failed to identify using any single modality: touch, with either the Tacticon 1600 ((TAN) a multichannel electrocutaneous vocoder) or the Tactaid II ((TAD) a 2-channel vibrotactile aid); aided hearing (AH); or speechreading (SP). To test integration, observed word identification performance in combined-modality conditions was compared with predicted performance calculated from single-modality scores. The Subject integrated speech information across modalities, with highest performance in the SP + TAN + AH and SP + TAD + AH conditions. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 17. Author: Reed, Charlotte M.; Rabinowitz, William M.; Durlach, Nathaniel I.; Delhorne, Lorraine A.; and others. Affiliation: Massachusetts Inst of Technology, Research Lab of Electronics, Cambridge, US. Title: Analytic study of the Tadoma method: Improving performance through the use of supplementary tactual displays. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):450-465. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Displays. Oral Communication. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tadoma method of tactual speech communication & supplementary tactual displays, speech discrimination, adults. Abstract: Three supplementary tactual displays (SPDs) were investigated: an articulatory-based display of tongue contact with the hard palate; a multichannel display of the short-term speech spectrum; and tactual reception of cued speech. The ability of laboratory-trained Subjects to discriminate pairs of speech segments that are highly confused through Tadoma was studied for each of the displays. The tongue-palate contact display was an effective supplement to Tadoma for improving discrimination of consonants, but neither the tongue-palate contact display nor the short-term spectral display was highly effective in improving vowel discriminability. For both vowel and consonant stimulus pairs, discriminability was nearly perfect for the tactual reception of the manual cues associated with Cued Speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 18. Author: IJsseldijk, Frans J. Affiliation: Inst voor Doven, Sint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands. Title: Speechreading performance under different conditions of video image, repetition, and speech rate. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):466-471. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Videotapes. Speech Rate. Deaf. Lipreading. School Age Children. Childhood. Adulthood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Video image vs repetition vs speech rate, speechreading, deaf 8-18 yr olds. Abstract: Speechreading was assessed under different conditions of video image, repetition, and speech rate in 3 experiments on 80 children (aged 8-18 yrs) who are deaf. In Exp 1, 3 different video images of testers (Entire-Face, 2/3 Profile, and Lips-Only,) did not result in significantly different scores. Exp 2 assessed which form of repetition (Entire-Face, 2/3 Profile, Lips-Only), after the first Entire-Face presentation had the biggest effect on improving speechreading performance. The 3 different forms of repetition appeared to lead to a similar significant improvement. In Exp 3, various speechreading stimuli were presented at 4 different speech rates. It appeared that these 4 speech rates did not significantly influence the speechreading scores. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 19. Author: Myslobodsky, Michael S.; Goldberg, Terry E.; Johnson, Fern; Hicks, Leslie; and others. Affiliation: Tel-Aviv U, Psychobiology Research Unit, Ramat-Aviv, Israel. Title: Lipreading in patients with schizophrenia. Source: Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 1992 Mar, v180 (n3):168-171. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Schizophrenia. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading performance, schizophrenic patients. Abstract: Explored whether schizophrenic patients who are able to maintain their gaze with adequate persistence could competently lip-read. Four lip-reading tests, designed to assess recognition of syllables, words, and overlearned sentences, were administered to 15 schizophrenic and 15 normal Subjects matched for age, sex (all but 2, males), and educational level. The patients proved to be competent lip-readers susceptible to the blend illusion and were inferior only in lip-reading of overlearned sentences. The latter difficulty may tentatively be attributed to the inadequacy of the patient's premorbid social network for establishing contextual cues that aid in the recognition of overlearned sentences. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 20. Author: Bernstein, Lynne E.; Demorest, Marilyn E.; Coulter, David C.; O'Connell, Michael P. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Ctr for Auditory & Speech Sciences, Washington, DC, US. Title: "Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders: Performance of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects": Erratum. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1992 Mar, v91 (n3):1772. References. Language: English. Pub type: Errata. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Vibrators (Apparatus). Medical Therapeutic Devices. Errata. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders, normal vs severely or profoundly hearing impaired 23-41 yr olds, erratum. Abstract: Reports an error in the original article by L. E. Bernstein et al ( Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991(Dec), Vol 90(6), 2971-2984). A footnote that was erroneously deleted during initial publication is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 79:28874.) Demonstrated similar transmission of vibrotactile speech information by the Gallaudet University linear (GULIN) vocoder and the Central Institute for the Deaf linear (CIDLIN) and logarithmic (CIDLOG) vocoders, when word-initial and word-final consonants were identified in tactile-only, forced-choice identifications. Significant differences emerged when Subjects performed an open-set TV sentence identification. Only Subjects using the GULIN vocoder achieved significantly enhanced lipreading of sentences. Extraction of information from the CIDLIN and CIDLOG vocoders might require more focused attention that is not possible when Subjects are required to lipread sentences. Subjects were assigned to 1 of the 3 vocoders or to a visual-only control group and included 9 normal-hearing and 4 severely or profoundly hearing-impaired adults. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 21. Author: Hygge, Staffan; Ronnberg, Jerker; Larsby, Birgitta; Arlinger, Stig. Affiliation: National Swedish Inst for Building Research, Gavle, Sweden. Title: Normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects' ability to just follow conversation in competing speech, reversed speech, and noise backgrounds. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Feb, v35 (n1):208-215. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Distraction. Conversation. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Oral Communication. White Noise. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Competing forward vs reversed speech vs random white noise, ability to follow audiovisually vs audibly presented conversation, hearing impaired 18-62 yr olds. Abstract: Compared the performance on a conversation-following task by 24 hearing-impaired persons (HIPs) to that of 24 matched normal-hearing controls (NHCs) in the presence of 3 background noises: speech-spectrum random noise, a male voice, and the male voice played in reverse. Subjects were 17-62 yrs old. The task was to readjust the sound level of a female voice (signal), every time the signal voice was attenuated, to the subjective level at which it was just possible to understand what was being said. To assess the benefit of lipreading, half of the material was presented audiovisually and half audibly only. HIPs were equally affected by the 3 background noises, and the NHCs were less affected by the background speech than by noise. The performance of the NHCs was superior to that of the HIPs. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 22. Author: Updike, Claudia D.; Rasmussen, Joanne M.; Arndt, Roberta; German, Cathy. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: Revised Craig Lipreading Inventory. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1992 Feb, v74 (n1):267-277. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Norms. Test Forms. Lipreading. Inventories. Preschool Age Children. School Age Children. Test Validity. Test Reliability. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Psychometric properties of & normative data on short version of Craig Lipreading Inventory, normal hearing 3-8 yr olds. Abstract: Attempted to shorten the Craig Lipreading Inventory without affecting its validity and reliability and to establish normative data on the revised version. The full version was administered to 75 children (aged 3-8 yrs). Half of the items were selected to comprise the brief version; both versions were administered to another 75 aged-matched children. Scores of the 2 versions correlated positively, substantiating the construct validity of the brief version. The brief version also manifested high intertest reliability for Word Forms and Sequence Forms. Normative data were computed for each of the 3 age groups. Data indicate that the brief version is an efficient tool for evaluating lipreading ability of children. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 23. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: The relationship between verbal ability and sentence-based speechreading. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1992, v21 (n2):67-72. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vocabulary. Partially Hearing Impaired. Verbal Ability. Lexical Access. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vocabulary size & lexical access & sentence based speechreading, hearing impaired adult males. Abstract: Examined the relationship between verbal ability and speechreading (SR) in 18 hearing-impaired Subjects. Verbal ability was assessed by 2 types of measure: a test of vocabulary size and 4 tests of lexical access speed. Results demonstrate that lexical access speed is related to SR performance. Vocabulary size was not directly related to the SR criterion; rather, its influence was in an indirect fashion via its relation to lexical access speed. Lexical access speed could be used as a diagnostic tool, so that when an individual demonstrates lexical access that is unreasonably slow, it could be an indication that rehabilitation programs should emphasize alternatives to SR. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 24. Author: Manning, Susan K.; Shofner, Elizabeth. Affiliation: City U New York, Hunter Coll, US. Title: Similarity ratings and confusability of lipread consonants compared with similarity ratings of auditory and orthographic stimuli. Source: American Journal of Psychology, 1991 Winter, v104 (n4):587-604. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Stimulus Similarity. Mental Confusion. Lipreading. Consonants. Stimulus Presentation Methods. Orthography. Auditory Stimulation. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Similarity ratings & confusability of pairs of lipread consonants, undergraduates, comparison with data on orthographically & auditorily presented consonants. Abstract: Obtained similarity ratings of pairs of lipread consonants from 51 undergraduates and constructed matrices showing mean similarity ratings and confusions among stimuli. Lipread data were compared with similarity ratings of orthographically and auditorily presented consonants collected by S. K. Manning (see PA, Vol 60:8658). These comparisons provide information about how stimulus similarity both within and between presentation formats may affect information processing of the 3 types of stimuli. There was the greatest degree of similarity in the orthographic alphabet, an intermediate degree in the lipread alphabet, and the lowest degree of similarity in the auditory alphabet. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 25. Author: Bernstein, Lynne E.; Demorest, Marilyn E.; Coulter, David C.; O'Connell, Michael P. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Ctr for Auditory & Speech Sciences, Washington, DC, US. Title: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders: Performance of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Dec, v90 (n6):2971-2984. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Vibrators (Apparatus). Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders, normal hearing vs severely or profoundly hearing impaired 23-41 yr olds. Abstract: Demonstrated similar transmission of vibrotactile speech information by the Gaulladet University linear (GULIN) vocoder and the Central Institute for the Deaf linear (CIDLIN) and logarithmic (CIDLOG) vocoders when word-initial and word-final consonants were identified in tactile-only, forced-choice identifications. Significant differences emerged when Subjects performed an open-set TV sentence identification. Only Subjects using the GULIN vocoder achieved significantly enhanced lipreading of sentences. Extraction of information from the CIDLIN and CIDLOG vocoders might require more focused attention that is not possible when Subjects are required to lipread sentences. Subjects were assigned to 1 of the 3 vocoders or to a visual-only control group and included 9 normal-hearing and 4 severely or profoundly hearing-impaired adults. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 26. DISSERTATION Author: Moore, John H. Affiliation: Council for National Academic Awards, London, England. Title: Digitizing human faces for the analysis and synthesis of visible speech. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1991 Nov, v52 (n5-B):2525. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Face (Anatomy). Lipreading. Computer Applications. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Digitizing & modeling human face on computer for visible speech analysis & synthesis, implications for training lip reading & parametric animation. 27. Author: Sekiyama, Kaoru; Tohkura, Yoh'ichi. Affiliation: Kanazawa U, Japan. Title: McGurk effect in non-English listeners: Few visual effects for Japanese subjects hearing Japanese syllables of high auditory intelligibility. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Oct, v90 (n4, Pt 1):1797-1805. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Japan. Cross Cultural Differences. Auditory Stimulation. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Illusions (Perception). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory & visual lip read speech perception, non-English culture McGurk illusion, female adults, Japan. Abstract: Investigated whether the McGurk effect (H. McGurk and J. MacDonald, 1976) can be extended to non-English cultures by presenting 10 female Japanese Subjects with an audio-visual stimulus every 7 sec and asking them to identify what they heard rather than saw. Subjects exhibited few McGurk illusions; the illusions that occurred depended on auditory intelligibility and the existence of noise. The Japanese McGurk effect was less easily induced than the English one. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 28. Author: Grant, Ken W.; Braida, Louis D.; Renn, Rebecca J. Affiliation: Walter Reed US Army Medical Ctr, Army Audiology & Speech Ctr, Washington, DC, US. Title: Single band amplitude envelope cues as an aid to speechreading. Special Issue: Hearing and speech. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1991 Aug, v43A (n3):621-645. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Characteristics. Pitch (Frequency). Speech Perception. Cues. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Single band amplitude speech envelope cues, speechreading, normal hearing adults. Abstract: Investigated the potential benefit to speechreading (SR) when speech envelope cues were presented to 10 normal-hearing Subjects in 2 experiments. Three parameters related to envelope extraction and presentation were examined. Speech envelopes derived from low frequency speech regions rather than from wideband speech signals provided more benefit for smoothing filters up to 200 Hz, and tone carriers were better than noise carriers for conveying envelope signals. For envelopes derived from the 3,150 Hz prefilter conditions, lowering the carrier to 500 or 200 Hz significantly reduced SR performance. Finally, there was an effect for smoothing filter reductions below 200 Hz. Results suggest that amplitude envelope cues can benefit SR for both easy and difficult sentence materials, but frequency transposition of these signals to regions remote from their natural spectral locations may result in reduced performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 29. Author: Braida, Louis D. Affiliation: Massachusetts Inst of Technology, Research Lab of Electronics, Cambridge, US. Title: Crossmodal integration in the identification of consonant segments. Special Issue: Hearing and speech. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1991 Aug, v43A (n3):647-677. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Mathematical Modeling. Lipreading. Consonants. Speech Therapy. Prostheses. Fuzzy Set Theory. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Optimal processing models for integration in speechreading consonant segments vs fuzzy logical model of perception, implications for prosthetic design. Abstract: Describes 2 optimal processing models for the types of integration that can be used in speechreading consonant segments and compares their predictions with those of D. W. Massaro's (1987) fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). In prelabeling integration, continuous sensory data are combined across modalities before response labels are assigned. In postlabeling integration, the responses that would be made under unimodal conditions are combined, and a joint response is derived from the pair. To describe prelabeling integration, confusion matrices are characterized by a multidimensional decision model that allows performance to be described by an Subject's sensitivity and bias in using continuous-valued cues. Measurements of multimodal accuracy in studies of consonant identification are more consistent with the predictions of the prelabeling integration model than the FLMP or the postlabeling model. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 30. Author: Yuhas, Ben P.; Goldstein, Moise H. Affiliation: Bellcore, Morristown, NJ, US. Title: Comparing human and neural network lip readers. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Jul, v90 (n1):598-600. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vowels. Lipreading. Neural Networks. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading of vowels, neural networks vs adults. Abstract: Compared lip reading of vowels by neural networks and by human observers, using the same set of stimuli. Both the humans and the networks were required to identify the vowels being spoken by examining static visual images of a speaker's mouth. The humans and the neural networks performed similarly on the vowel labeling task. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 31. Author: Honnell, Sharon; Dancer, Jess; Gentry, Betholyn. Title: Age and speechreading performance in relation to percent correct, eyeblinks, and written responses. Source: Volta Review, 1991 May, v93 (n4):207-213. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Age Differences. Eyeblink Reflex. Written Communication. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Speechreading performance & eyeblinks & written responses, 20-29 vs 60-69 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the relationship between speechreading performance and eyeblinks in 14 younger Subjects (aged 20-29 yrs) and 14 older Subjects (aged 60-69 yrs). Speechreading performance of older Subjects on everyday sentence lists was significantly lower than that of younger Subjects in terms of percentage of words correct. Older Subjects wrote significantly fewer words on average in response to the speechreading task than did younger Subjects. No significant correlations were found between speechreading performance and eyeblinks in either group; however, there was a significant correlation between the number of written words and percent-correct speechreading scores in the older Subjects only. The lower performance scores of older Subjects are discussed in relation to caution, which may be characteristic of this population. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 32. DISSERTATION Author: Johnson, Fern M. Affiliation: Howard U, Washington, DC, US. Title: Personality, praxis, and speechreading: Their interrelations. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1991 Apr, v51 (n10-B):5067. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Personality Traits. Racial and Ethnic Differences. Handedness. Human Sex Differences. Age Differences. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Personality & handedness & race & sex & age, speechreading ability, normal hearing college students. 33. Author: de Gelder, Beatrice; Vroomen, Jean; Van der Heide, Lucienne. Affiliation: Tilburg U, Netherlands. Title: Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. Special Issue: Face recognition. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1991 Mar, v3 (n1):69-86. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Memory. Face Perception. Lipreading. Autism. Autistic Children. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Memory for unfamiliar faces & lipreading ability, autistic 6.5-16.3 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated whether autistic children were impaired in their recognition of facial identity and facial speech and whether there might be a link between the 2 processes. 17 autistic children (aged 6 yrs 6 mo to 16 yrs 4 mo) individually matched for mental age with 17 normal Subjects were tested on memory for unfamiliar faces and on lip-reading ability. Results show that autistic Subjects were poorer than controls in memory for faces but comparable to controls in lip-reading. Autistic Subjects showed little influence on their auditory speech perception from visual speech. Results were discussed in relation to V. Bruce and A. Young's (see PA, Vol 75:194) model of face recognition. The independence between facial speech and memory for faces is in accordance with this model but is only observed in autistic Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 34. Author: Shindo, Mitsuko; Kaga, Kimitaka; Tanaka, Yoshisato. Affiliation: Teiko U School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Title: Speech discrimination and lip reading in patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia. Source: Brain & Language, 1991 Feb, v40 (n2):153-161. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Lipreading. Aphasia. Agnosia. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Ability to discriminate speech by reading lips, 24-65 yr olds with word deafness or auditory agnosia. Abstract: Assessed the ability of 4 patients (aged 24-65 yrs) with word deafness or auditory agnosia to discriminate speech by reading lips. Subjects were studied using nonsense monosyllables to test for speech discrimination, a lip reading test, the Token Test for auditory comprehension, and an aphasia test. Results show that Subjects with word deafness or auditory agnosia without aphasia can improve speech comprehension by reading lips in combination with listening, as compared with lip reading or listening alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 35. Author: Pichora-Fuller, Margaret K.; Benguerel, Andre-Pierre. Affiliation: U British Columbia, School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Vancouver, Canada. Title: The design of CAST (Computer-Aided Speechreading Training). Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1991 Feb, v34 (n1):202-212. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Computer Applications. Rehabilitation. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Goals & design & implementation of Computer-Aided Speechreading Training as rehabilitation program, preretirement adults with mild to moderate hearing loss. Abstract: Describes the underlying theoretical assumptions, goals, design, and implementation of the CAST system as a case study in program design. This computerized speech-reading assessment and training system simulates face-to-face intervention and is designed to be one component of a comprehensive aural rehabilitation program for preretirement adults with acquired mild-to-moderate hearing loss. The interactive, automated course consists of 8 training lessons, each focusing on a particular viseme. Three basic speech-reading skills are emphasized: visual speech perception, use of linguistic redundancy, and use of feedback between message sender and receiver. The skills are evaluated separately via CAST tracking rate, receiver strategy, and inferred error type. Example case assessments illustrate the potential applications of CAST as a standardizable rehabilitative tool. Comparisons between CAST and face-to-face procedures are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 36. Author: Gagne, Jean-Pierre; Dinon, Dianne; Parsons, Joanne. Affiliation: U Western Ontario, Elborn Coll, London, Canada. Title: An evaluation of CAST: A Computer-Aided Speechreading Training program. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1991 Feb, v34 (n1):213-221. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Computer Applications. Synthetic Speech. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Program Evaluation. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Evaluation of Computer-Aided Speechreading Training program, development of synthetic visual speech perception skills, normal hearing 20-30 yr olds. Abstract: Assessed the effectiveness of CAST with 2 groups of 8 normal-hearing adults (aged 20-30 yrs) who completed a pretraining visual speech perception test protocol that consisted of the Visual Consonant Identification Test (J.-P. Gagne et al, unpublished), tests of sentence understanding with and without context, and a semiautomated modified continuous discourse tracking activity available with CAST. One group completed the CAST program. A posttraining test protocol was administered to Subjects 2 wks following the maximum time provided to complete the training program (i.e., 10 wks). Significant differences between the groups were found for the total word recognition score on the test of sentence understanding with context and the CAST modified continuous discourse tracking activity. Results indicate that CAST was most effective in developing aspects of synthetic visual speech perception skills. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 37. Author: Demorest, Marilyn E.; Bernstein, Lynne E. Affiliation: U Maryland-Baltimore County, US. Title: Computational explorations of speechreading. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1991, v24:97-111. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Cognitive Processes. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Computational approach to description of speechreading performance, normal hearing adults. Abstract: Presents a computational approach to describing speechreading performance, using a database obtained from 139 Subjects with normal hearing who viewed videodisc recordings of the CID Everyday Sentences (H. Davis and S. R. Silverman, 1970) spoken by a male and a female talker. Four methods of scoring were employed: sentences correct, words correct, phonemes correct, and a measure of visual distance between the stimulus and response. The latter 2 measures were based on a sequence comparator that aligns stimulus and response phonemes to permit phonemic scoring of sentences. New techniques for describing normative performance on individual sentences are presented (sentence histograms, response distributions, and a response uncertainty function) and the 4 measures of Subjects' performance are compared. The usefulness of the descriptive methods for suggesting hypotheses about perceptual and cognitive processes in speechreading is also illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 38. Author: Gagne, Jean-Pierre; Tugby, Kenneth G.; Michaud, Jocelyne. Affiliation: U Western Ontario, Elborn Coll Hearing Health Care Research Unit, London, Canada. Title: Development of a S peechreading T est on the U tilization of C ontextual C ues (STUCC): Preliminary findings with normal-hearing subjects. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1991, v24:157-170. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Construction. Contextual Associations. Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Development of Speechreading Test on Utilization of Contextual Cues, normal hearing female 18-30 yr olds, implications for hearing impaired. Abstract: Conducted a preliminary investigation leading to the development of STUCC. 396 prospective test items were administered to 30 normal-hearing women (aged 18-30 yrs). Test items consisted of an introductory sentence and a test sentence. Each test sentence was paired with an unrelated and a related introductory sentence. Difference scores (for cognate pairs of related and unrelated test sentences) were computed, and the internal consistency of the STUCC was examined. The 198 pairs of test sentences yielded a coefficient alpha of .75. The elimination of 94 pairs of test sentences increased the coefficient alpha to .94. Findings suggest that the introductory sentences in the related pairs provided contextual cues that enhanced speechreading performance. Further development of the STUCC seems warranted to determine its applicability to adults with an acquired hearing loss. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 39. Author: Johansson, Karina; Ronnberg, Jerker; Lyxell, Bjorn. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Contrasting subjective judgement and objective tests in the hearing-impaired. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1991, v20 (n2):91-99. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Aged. Verbal Ability. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Subjective measurement of everyday listening problems vs objective tests of speechreading & verbal ability, moderately hearing impaired 32-74 yr olds. Abstract: Measured 21 moderately hearing-impaired persons' (aged 32-74 yrs) subjectively experienced problems in everyday listening, using a hearing performance inventory (HPI). HPI rating data show that the greatest problems were experienced on the dimensions "understanding speech without visual cues" and "perceived intensity" of sounds. "Understanding speech with visual cues" has a high positive correlation with both "social situation" and "work situation" dimensions, whereas "understanding speech without visual cues" correlates with "social" and "personal situation." Data suggest that vocabulary and social skills should be the focus during communicative training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 40. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Visual speech processing: Word-decoding and word-discrimination related to sentence-based speechreading and hearing-impairment. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1991, v32 (n1):9-17. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Word Recognition. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Word decoding & discrimination & sentence based speechreading, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Tested 2 aspects of visual speech processing in speechreading: word decoding (WDE) and word discrimination (WDI) among 24 normal hearing and 20 hearing-impaired persons. WDE and WDI performance were independent of factors related to the impairment, both in a quantitative and a qualitative sense. DE skill was associated with sentence-based speechreading. Results were interpreted such that, to represent a critical component process in sentence-based speechreading, the visual speech perception task must entail lexically induced processing as a task demand. The theoretical status of the WDE task as 1 operationalization of a speech DE module was discussed. An error analysis of performance in the word decoding/discrimination tasks suggested that the perceptions of heard stimuli and lipped stimuli were critically dependent on the same feature: the temporally initial phonetic segment of the word. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 41. Author: Samuelsson, Stefan; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Script activation in lipreading. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1991, v32 (n2):124-143. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Abstraction. Lipreading. Contextual Associations. Schema. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Activation of scripted information & abstraction & context in lipreading tasks, college students, Sweden. Abstract: Investigated the roles of script, basic, and low-level contexts in lipreading when the stimulus sentences correspond to either the low-level (Exp 1) or to both the basic and low-level of abstraction (Exps 2 and 3). Subjects were 100 university students. Results do not support the idea of a single optimal level of abstraction. Findings also indicate that the directions of inferences are asymmetric. By controlling for the potential confounding effects by pure visual information (conveyed by lipreading) and pure script-based guessing, it was found that neither of these 2 baselines was sufficiently high to explain their interactive effects. Findings suggest that the particular context determines the level of activation of scripted information. A predictive script activation mechanism, relevant to lipreading skill, is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 42. Author: Tye-Murray, Nancy; Purdy, Suzanne C.; Woodworth, George C.; Tyler, Richard S. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Effects of repair strategies on visual identification of sentences. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1990 Nov, v55 (n4):621-627. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Oral Communication. Verbal Ability. Lipreading. Sentence Comprehension. Visual Perception. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Repair strategies, ability to lipread misperceived sentence, 15-43 yr olds. Abstract: Examined whether information elicited by repair strategies enhanced 54 15-43 yr old Subjects' ability to lipread a misperceived sentence. Subjects were divided into 5 test groups and 1 control group. Test groups were assigned 1 of 5 repair strategies: asking the talker (1) to repeat a sentence, (2) simplify it, (3) rephrase it, (4) say an important keyword, and (5) speak 2 sentences. Six talkers presented sentences. When an Subject did not recite a sentence verbatim, the talker performed the assigned repair strategy and repeated the original sentence. Controls saw only the original sentence repeated twice. Test groups demonstrated significantly greater improvement. Repair strategy effects were independent of the talker and did not differ significantly among groups. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 43. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: U Linkoping, Sweden. Title: Cognitive and communicative function: The effects of chronological age and "handicap age." Special Issue: Cognitive gerontology. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1990 Sep, v2 (n3):253-273. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Age Differences. Verbal Ability. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Memory. Long Term Memory. Short Term Memory. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Age & duration of impairment, short & long term memory & verbal ability & visual speechreading, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Administered 3 classes of cognitive tests (short-term memory, long-term memory access/recall, and verbal ability) and 1 class of communicative tests (visual speech-reading) to 49 hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 50.4 yrs) and 69 normal Subjects (mean age 48.8 yrs). When db-loss and duration of handicap were partialled out, the negative effects of cognitive aging remained: Speed in accessing alphanumeric symbols from long-term memory and as rehearsal speed correlated substantially with chronological age. Discriminant analyses revealed a communality between the discrimination of old from young Subjects, and skilled from less skilled speech readers. Visual decoding skill and rehearsal speed constituted the common discriminators. An age-dependent componential model of visual speech-reading is delineated, with particular reference to the assumption that a temporally early lexical access system is crucial to the decoding of lip movements. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 44. Author: Updike, Claudia D.; Albertson, Roberta L.; German, Cathy M.; Ward, Joanne M. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: Evaluation of the Craig Lipreading Inventory. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1990 Jun, v70 (n3, Pt 2):1271-1282. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Test Validity. Test Reliability. Preschool Age Children. School Age Children. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Validity & reliability of Craig Lipreading Inventory, normal hearing 3-8 yr olds. Abstract: Administered W. N. Craig's (1964) Lipreading Inventory (LRI) to 150 children (aged 3-8 yrs) to evaluate the internal validity and intertest reliability and to obtain normative data. Internal consistency was very high for each subtest. Significant correlations were obtained among subtests. Significant differences in scores were noted for the 3 age groups (3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 yrs), indicating the need for standards at each age group. Preliminary Z -scores and percentile ranks were computed for each age group. Thus, the LRI is a reliable tool for assessing lipreading ability in children. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 45. Author: Silverman, S. Richard; Kricos, Patricia B. Affiliation: Washington U, St Louis, MO, US. Title: Speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1990 May, v92 (n4):22-32. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. History. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speechreading from historical perspective. Abstract: Provides a historical perspective on speechreading (SPR). Major developments in the conceptualization of SPR are highlighted, and factors that may influence speechreading performance are discussed. A review of SPR training and evaluation methods and their underlying principles is presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 46. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker; Arlinger, Stig; Lyxell, Bjorn; Kinnefors, Catharina. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Visual evoked potentials: Relation to adult speechreading and cognitive function. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1989 Dec, v32 (n4):725-735. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Evoked Potentials. Lipreading. Cognitive Ability. Partially Hearing Impaired. Hearing Disorders. Aged. Congenitally Handicapped. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Relation of visual EPs to speech reading & cognitive function, severely congenitally hearing impaired adolescents & adults & elderly with presbyacusis, replication. Abstract: Attempted to replicate the early work of D. C. Shepherd et al (see PA, Vol 60:10895), indicating that the speed of the visual-neural (VN) response VN 130 was a critical indicator of speechreading skill. In Study 1, 33 severely, congenitally hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 17 yrs) took 2 visually based tests, while 18 Subjects with presbyacusis (mean age 71 yrs) and 12 Subjects with normal hearing (mean age 33 yrs) took 2 visually based speechreading tests (without auditory component). In Study 2, 20 hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 48 yrs) were tested on word discrimination; the context-bound, sentence based speechreading tests (without auditory component); and 3 tests of cognitive function. Results do not replicate the findings of Shepherd et al. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 47. Author: Farrimond, Thomas. Affiliation: U Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Title: Effect of encouragement on performance of young and old subjects on a task involving lipreading. Source: Psychological Reports, 1989 Dec, v65 (n3, Pt 2):1247-1250. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Age Differences. Encouragement. Lipreading. Numbers (Numerals). Sentences. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Age & encouragement, performance on lipreading task with numbers vs sentences, male 23-79 yr olds. Abstract: Differences in the effect of encouragement on performance between young and old lipreaders may be related to both age and cultural factors. Two tests of lipreading ability, one using numbers and the other, sentences including visual cues, were given to 110 men (aged 40+ yrs) and 70 men (less than 40 yrs). Requests to guess produced a higher mean score for the older Subjects on the lipreading tests containing the greater amount of information. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 48. Author: Warren, Yolanda; Dancer, Jess; Monfils, Barbara; Pittenger, John. Affiliation: U Arkansas for Medical Sciences, US. Title: The practice effect in speechreading distributed over five days: Same versus different CID sentence lists. Source: Volta Review, 1989 Dec, v91 (n7):321-325. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Practice. Lipreading. Sentences. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Practice on same vs different sentences, speechreading, normal hearing & sighted 18-30 yr olds. Abstract: 20 normal-hearing and sighted adults (aged 18-30 yrs) were tested on Harris' Revised Central Institute for the Deaf Everyday Sentence Lists (S. Wilson et al; see PA, Vol 72:27057). Half of the Subjects practiced each day on the same sentence list, and half practiced on different lists. Both groups significantly improved their speechreading over 5 days. Practice effects must be extracted from training effects before the efficacy of training methods and materials can be evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 49. Author: Mead, Robert A.; Lapidus, Leah B. Affiliation: Columbia U, Teachers Coll, NY, US. Title: Psychological differentiation, arousal, and lipreading efficiency in hearing-impaired and normal children. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1989 Nov, v45 (n6):851-859. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cognitive Style. Physiological Arousal. Auditory Acuity. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Psychological differentiation & psychophysiological arousal & hearing capacity & lipreading efficiency, 7-14.2 yr olds with vs without hearing loss. Abstract: Psychological differentiation, psychophysiological arousal, hearing capacity, and ability to lipread unrelated sentences presented in a silent film were investigated in 62 children (aged 84-170 mo). Subjects were classified into 3 hearing categories (normal, mild to moderate hearing loss, and severe hearing loss) and were administered the Rod and Frame Test, a lipreading inventory, and skin conductance measures under 2 conditions (pretask and task). The ability to lipread sentences from a film was significantly related to psychological differentiation (cognitive style) and pretask conductance level, but was not related to hearing capacity or task conductance level. The best predictors of lipreading ability were successful performance on the Rod and Frame Test and high increases in skin conductance from pretask to task situation. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 50. DISSERTATION Author: MacLeod, Alison. Affiliation: U Nottingham, England. Title: Effective methods for measuring lipreading skills. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1989 Oct, v50 (n4-A):828. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Thresholds. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual speech reception thresholds, measurement & lipreading ability. 51. Author: Benguerel, Andre-Pierre; Pichora-Fuller, Margaret K. Affiliation: U British Columbia, School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Vancouver, Canada. Title: MIMILLE: une methode interactive micro-informatisee de labio-lecture. / MIMILLE: A computer-aided speechreading training and assessment system for French speakers. Source: Audiology, 1989 Sep-Oct, v28 (n5):284-294. References. Language: French. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Computer Assisted Instruction. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: MIMILLE interactive computer aided methodology for lipreading instruction, French speaking adults with hearing impairment. Abstract: Describes the Methode Interactive Micro-Informatisee de Labio-Lecture (MIMILLE) (Microcomputer-Aided, Interactive Lip-Reading Method)--an interactive computer-aided methodology for teaching lipreading. MIMILLE consists of computer software for a microcomputer and videotapes. It is designed for adults who have become hearing impaired after having learned to speak, although it could be adapted for other types of hearing impairment. The structure of the lessons and the results of preliminary evaluations are considered. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 52. Author: Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: City U New York, Graduate School & University Ctr, US. Title: Developing and evaluating a tactile speechreading aid. Source: Volta Review, 1989 Sep, v91 (n5):101-112. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Displays. Pitch (Frequency). Lipreading. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Presentation of voice fundamental frequency with tactile device, speechreading, adults deafened postlingually. Abstract: Tested the hypothesis that tactile presentation of voice fundamental frequency (VFF) can be as effective as auditory presentation as an aid to speechreading, using a device that presents VFF as position of tactile stimulation of the arm. After training with the device, postlingually deafened adults experienced a reduction of speechreading error of between 25 and 50%. This is encouraging, though not as good as the 40-80% reduction of error experienced by normal-hearing adults presented with VFF auditorially. Results of phonetic-level and psychophysical experiments suggest that some of the information the tactile device provides could be conveyed by a single vibrator, but that a 16-channel display is probably more effective. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 53. Author: Campbell, Ruth; Wright, Helen. Affiliation: U Oxford, England. Title: Immediate memory in the orally trained deaf: Effects of "lipreadability" in the recall of written syllables. Source: British Journal of Psychology, 1989 Aug, v80 (n3):299-312. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Consonants. Lipreading. Memory. Syllables. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Written Communication. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Consonant "lipreadability", immediate recall of written lists of consonant vowel form syllables, orally trained born deaf adolescents. Abstract: Immediate recall of written lists was compared in 30 strictly orally trained born-deaf teenagers and in 3 age groups of 98 hearing controls. The lists were of syllables of consonant-vowel form (e.g., SHA NA ZA DA). The deaf Subjects showed a significant effect of consonant "lipreadability." Syllable lists containing consonants like D, SH and Z whose place of articulation is not visibly distinctive and which are therefore hard to lipread are less well recalled than syllable lists containing consonants like F, TH, and B, which are produced with the tongue, teeth and lips in visible configuration. Hearing Subjects showed no lipreadability effect. Reading-age matched controls (aged 8-10 yrs) showed a significantly shorter span for both list types than the deaf group. Deaf Subjects may have used a phonological code qualitatively different from that used by hearing Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 54. Author: Cowan, R. S.; Alcantara, J. I.; Whitford, L. A.; Blamey, P. J.; and others. Affiliation: U Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hosp, Vict, Australia. Title: Speech perception studies using a multichannel electrotactile speech processor, residual hearing, and lipreading. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1989 Jun, v85 (n6):2593-2607. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hearing Disorders. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Tactual Displays. Auditory Perception. Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactile information & degraded auditory input with vs without lipreading, speech discrimination, 20-27 yr old normal hearing females vs 25 & 30 & 46 yr old hearing impaired males. Abstract: Conducted 3 studies with 4 normal-hearing women (aged 20-27 yrs), trained on an electrotactile speech processor (ETSP), and 3 hearing-impaired (HI) men (aged 25, 30, and 46 yrs) to define the HI population who may be helped by using an ETSP in combination with residual hearing (RH) and lipreading (LR). Information presented through an ETSP provided extra clues for feature recognition of vowels and consonants. With training, Subjects integrated the extra feature information provided by the ETSP with that provided by RH or RH plus LR to improve speech discrimination performance on open-set words, sentences, and speechtracking. ETSP could be useful for patients with no usable RH and for severely to profoundly HI hearing aid users. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 55. Author: Engle, Randall W.; Cantor, Judy; Turner, Marilyn L. Affiliation: U South Carolina, Columbia, US. Title: Modality effects: Do they fall on deaf ears? Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1989 May, v41 (n2-A):273-292. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Recall (Learning). Oral Communication. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Deaf. Memory. Auditory Stimulation. Free Recall. Serial Learning. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Oral reading vs silent mouthing, serial & free recall performance, deaf vs hearing college students, test of Precategorical Acoustic Store theory. Abstract: Tests the assumption of the Precategorical Acoustic Store (PAS) theory of echoic memory (R. L. Greene and R. G. Crowder; see PA, Vol 72:8527) that the representation of acoustic features is necessary in producing modality effects. Performance by 40 deaf college students was compared to 40 hearing college students on serial and free-recall tasks with vocalizing and nonvocalizing conditions. For the serial tasks, typical modality and acoustic similarity effects were observed with hearing Subjects, and no such effects were found with deaf Subjects. However, for the free-recall task, modality effects were found for both deaf and hearing Subjects. It is unlikely that phonological coding resulting from gestural cues mediates the modality effect, as phonological confusion errors for deaf and hearing Subjects did not correlate with the size of this effect. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 56. Author: Spradlin, Kelly; Dancer, Jess; Monfils, Barbara. Affiliation: Private practice (Clinical Audiology), Ft Smith, AR, US. Title: Effects of verbal encouragement on self-ratings of lipreading performance. Source: Volta Review, 1989 May, v91 (n4):209-216. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Verbal Reinforcement. Lipreading. Self Report. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Verbal encouragement, self rated lipreading performance, 28-32 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the effects of verbal encouragement (VE) on lipreading performance scores and on self-ratings of performance in 32 adults (aged 28-32 yrs) with normal hearing and vision. Subjects completed 2 tests of a lipreading task. On the 2nd test, 16 Subjects received VE. Subjects who received VE gave themselves higher self-ratings even though lipreading scores did not improve significantly over the 2 tests for either group. Subjects' initial self-ratings did not correlate significantly with their Test 1 performance scores. However, after the tests, both groups showed significant relationships between their ratings and their performance on Test 2. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 57. Author: Thorn, Frank; Thorn, Sondra. Affiliation: New England Coll of Optometry, Boston, MA, US. Title: Speechreading with reduced vision: A problem of aging. Source: Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1989 Apr, v6 (n4):491-499. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Acuity. Vision Disorders. Physiological Aging. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Speech Perception. Deaf. Aged. Very Old. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Dioptric blur & age, speech reading, normal hearing 22-37 yr olds vs hearing impaired 21-87 yr olds with vs without visual pathologies. Abstract: Tested the ability of 15 hearing Subjects (aged 22-37 yrs) and 10 hearing-impaired Subjects (aged 21-77 yrs) to understand sentences spoken by an actress without sound. The actress was viewed through various amounts of dioptric blur. Data from 2 hearing impaired Subjects with visual pathologies (aged 66 and 87 yrs) were also studied. Findings indicate that dioptric blur had relatively little effect on the speechreading performance of both hearing and hearing-impaired Subjects. Ocular pathologies, however, altered the effect of blur on speechreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 58. Author: Scott, Lawrence C.; Metz, Dale E.; Rohland, Pamela; Samar, Vincent J. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf Communication Div, NY, US. Title: A cognitive/experiential approach to aural rehabilitation. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1989 Mar, v134 (n1):27-29. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Rehabilitation. Communication Skills. Partially Hearing Impaired. Communication Skills Training. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Cognitive experiential speechreading course in aural rehabilitation, communication skills, hearing impaired students. Abstract: Describes a cognitive/experiential speechreading course designed to provide hearing-impaired students with real-life communication experiences. The course, a supplement to traditional speechreading courses, was assessed with a self-evaluation questionnaire completed by 30 students who took the 10-wk course and by 30 controls. Results indicate that the course was effective in increasing student self-perceptions of communication success in real-life situations. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 59. Author: Lalande, Nicole M.; Lafleur, Ginette; Lacouture, Yves S. Affiliation: U Montreal, Ecole d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, PQ, Canada. Title: Developpement d'une epreuve franco-quebecoise de lecture labiale. / Development of a speech-reading test for the French population in Quebec. Source: Audiology, 1989 Mar-Apr, v28 (n2):71-81. References. Language: French. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Construction. Lipreading. Screening Tests. Foreign Languages. Canada. Test Validity. Rehabilitation. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Development & validity of speechreading screening test, French speaking 20-33 yr olds, Canada, implications for rehabilitation of noise induced hearing loss. Abstract: Studied the development and validation of a speech-reading screening test for French-speaking Canadians with noise-induced hearing loss. Human subjects: 30 male and female Canadian adults (aged 20-33 yrs). All Subjects had 20/20 vision, normal bilateral hearing, and were unable to read lips. Subjects were presented with a videotape of a person speaking and were asked to select the key words in each sentence that the person said. A familiarization list of 8 French sentences and 2 test lists of 25 French sentences each were used; the sentences contained 36, 106, and 103 key words, respectively. The results were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The sentence lists are provided. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 60. Author: Rosen, Stuart; Walliker, John; Brimacombe, Judith A.; Edgerton, Bradly J. Affiliation: U London, University Coll, England. Title: Prosodic and segmental aspects of speech perception with the House/3M single-channel implant. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1989 Mar, v32 (n1):93-111. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Hearing Aids. Inflection. Speech Perception. Consonants. Aurally Handicapped. Auditory Perception. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory perception of speech prosody & consonants with vs without lipreading, profoundly deaf female 21-59 yr old users of House/3M single channel cochlear implant. Abstract: Tested 4 profoundly deaf female users (aged 21-59 yrs) of the House/3M single-channel cochlear implant for their ability to label question and statement intonation contours (by auditory means alone) and to identify a set of 12 intervocalic consonants (with and without lipreading). In consonant identification, lipreading alone scores were always inferior to those obtained by lipreading with the implant. Phonetic feature analyses showed that the major effect of using the implant was to increase the transmission of voicing information. Place of articulation was poorly identified from the auditory signal alone. Results are best explained by supposing that Subjects used the relatively gross temporal information found in the stimulating waveforms (periodicity, randomness, and silence) in a linguistic fashion. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 61. DISSERTATION Author: Hanin, Laurie. Affiliation: City U New York, US. Title: The effect of experience and linguistic context on speechreading. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1989 Feb, v49 (n8-B):3083-3084. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Experience Level. Contextual Associations. Linguistics. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Experience & linguistic context, speechreading competence, deaf adults. 62. Author: Updike, Claudia D. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: The ReSULT: The revised shortened Utley Sentence Lipreading Test. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1989, v22:43-53. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Reliability. Lipreading. Test Forms. Consistency (Measurement). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Internal consistency & reliability of revised shortened Utley Sentence Lipreading Test, college students. Abstract: Evaluated the reliability of a shortened version of Part II of the Utley Sentence Lipreading Test (ULT). 299 normal-hearing college students served as Subjects. 20 sentences from the ULT were selected via item analysis as being most highly correlated with the total score. Significant correlations were obtained between the ReSULT and the ULT, and between the 2 forms of the ReSULT. High internal consistency and test-retest reliability were established. The ReSULT is a reliable alternative to the ULT. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 63. Author: Gosy, Maria. Affiliation: Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Nyelvtudomanyi Intezete, Budapest, Hungary. Title: A vizualis eszleles hatasa a beszedpercepciora. / The effect of visual perception on speech perception. Source: Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle, 1989, v45 (n5):465-481. References. Language: Hungarian. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Perception. Speech Perception. Lipreading. White Noise. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: White noise masking &/or visual presentation of speaker's lip movements &/or word tables, speech perception, college students, Hungary. Abstract: Studied the role of visual perception in speech perception, using logatoms (meaningless sound sequences of 2-syllable words). Human Subjects: 40 normal Hungarian college and university students. Five experiments were conducted with 8 Subjects each. Two tables each containing 30 logatoms were used. The logatoms were transferred to magnetic tape, and facial (lip) movements that a speaker made while verbalizing the logatoms were videotaped. The logatoms were selectively masked by white noise. Subjects repeated the logatoms after hearing the taped logatoms from the 1st table with or without a noise (perception hampering); simultaneously seeing the speaker's lip movements with or without using the 2nd table of logatoms (hearing and seeing the same words or different words simultaneously); and writing words (nonspoken words) and comparing them with another series of taped words. Results concerning auditory and visual perception, normal communication parameters, speech recognition and identification, and the process of decoding speech are presented. (English & Russian abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 64. Author: French-St. George, Marilyn; Stoker, Richard G. Affiliation: Decibel Communication, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Title: Speechreading: An historical perspective. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):17-31. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. History. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Special Education. Rehabilitation. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: History of & educational issues in speechreading, deaf. Abstract: Discusses the history since the 16th century of attempts to teach speechreading to the deaf. The issues addressed concern the theoretical possibility of teaching speechreading, the influence of linguistic context on speechreading, and the integration of the visual speech signal with input from other sensory modalities. It is noted that after 5 centuries of providing education and rehabilitation to hearing-impaired individuals, there is still no comprehensive understanding of the speechreading process. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 65. Author: Palmer, Linda. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf Communication Program, NY, US. Title: Speechreading as communication. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):33-42. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Communication Skills Training. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speechreading communication skills, severely & profoundly hearing impaired. Abstract: Argues that to become efficient and effective communicators, severely and profoundly hearing-impaired individuals need the opportunity to practice communication skills in the context of real-life situations. Although speechreading has traditionally been thought of in the narrow sense of training an individual's perception of spoken language, how that person functions in the real world using this skill is equally important. Part of communication competence lies in understanding nonverbal cues, making communication needs known, and using alternative strategies. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 66. Author: Dodd, Barbara; Burnham, Denis. Affiliation: Macquarie U, Speech, Hearing & Language Research Ctr, North Ryde, NSW, Australia. Title: Processing speechread information. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):45-60. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Cognitive Processes. Human Information Storage. Infants. Childhood. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Child. Adult. Key phrase: Processing & retrieval of speechread information, normal hearing infants & adults. Abstract: Discusses the processing of speechread information in normal-hearing adults as regards selective adaptation, retrieval from immediate memory, and repetition priming. The mental representation of speech by hearing-impaired Subjects is discussed with regard to phonological development in prelingual hearing impairment. Normal-hearing children's mental representation of speech was reflected in observations of 21 infants (aged 8-54 wks) who in response to speechread stimuli exhibited vocalization, attention fixation, avoidance, and flapping. Results indicate that normal-hearing infants can process speechread information at approximately 20 wks of age. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 67. Author: Karp, Adrienne. Affiliation: New York Lighthouse, US. Title: Reduced vision and speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):61-74. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vision Disorders. Lipreading. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Vision disorders, speechreading performance, hearing impaired. Abstract: Provides the speechreading instructor with information about vision by describing eye disorders most likely to be experienced by a hearing-impaired person and how they might interfere with speechreading performance. Recommendations are made for assisting people enrolled in speechreading programs who have impaired vision as well as hearing loss. It is suggested that research needs to be done concerning (1) the influence of residual hearing on the development of speechreading skills, (2) the consequences of specific eye disorders on the ability to differentiate lip movements, and (3) the effects of age-related vision changes on speechreading performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 68. Author: Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: City U New York, Graduate School & University Ctr, US. Title: Linguistic factors in speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):77-87. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Linguistics. Visual Perception. Aurally Handicapped. Oral Communication. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Linguistic factors in visual perception of spoken language, normal hearing & hearing impaired persons. Abstract: Discusses the visual perception of spoken language and the use of linguistic context to compensate for the poor visibility of some speech movements. The sources of linguistic redundancy are discussed to illustrate the use of pragmatic, topical, semantic, syntactic, lexical, and phonological constraints in the interpretation of the speechread message. It is suggested that the greatest enhancement of speechreading performance comes from the syntactic, semantic, and topical constraints imposed by the sentence context. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 69. Author: Lesner, Sharon A. Affiliation: U Akron, OH, US. Title: The talker. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):89-98. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Verbal Comprehension. Speech Characteristics. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech & speaker characteristics, speechreadability. Abstract: Argues that several factors contribute to speechreadability. Desirable traits include a slightly slower-than-normal rate of speaking, precise articulation, appropriate gestures, and inclusion of appropriate pauses. Traits that may not be modifiable include facial structure and articulators that detract from visibility. It is suggested that the choice of talker can significantly influence the outcome of speechreading studies, visual communication training, and performance on speechreading tests. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 70. Author: Jackson, Pamela L. Affiliation: Northern Illinois U, De Kalb, US. Title: The theoretical minimal unit for visual speech perception: Visemes and coarticulation. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):99-115. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Phonology. Verbal Comprehension. Visual Perception. Oral Communication. Vowels. Consonants. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Visual characteristics of vowels & consonants, visual perception of spoken language, implications for aural rehabilitation. Abstract: Discusses the visual characteristics of vowels and consonants and suggests that for diagnosis and treatment, understanding the features of speech that contribute to visual speech perception is critical for being able to predict perceptual confusions, to describe errors, and to order those errors hierarchically to provide the sequence for auditory or visual receptive training at an analytical level. The visual analog of the auditory unit phoneme is the viseme or speechreading movements, which is defined as any recognizable visual motor pattern usually common to two or more speech sounds. Specific viseme groupings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 71. Author: Tyler, Richard S.; Tye-Murray, Nancy; Lansing, Charissa R. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Electrical stimulation as an aid to speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):119-148. References. Language: English. Pub type: Literature Review; Review. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Electrical Stimulation. Literature Review. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Electrical stimulation to supplement speechreading, postlingually deafened adults, literature review. Abstract: Reviews the literature on the use of electrical stimulation by postlingually deafened adults to supplement speechreading. The authors review the information available on the talker's face and what acoustic information is needed to resolve visual confusions. The basic psychophysical abilities of implant patients are discussed, with particular reference to the information needed for audiovisual communication. Also discussed are auditory-alone and audiovisual perception by cochlear-implant patients, audiovisual training for cochlear-implant children, and research needs in the areas of rehabilitation and evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 72. Author: Plant, Geoff. Affiliation: National Acoustic Labs, Chatswood, NSW, Australia. Title: Speechreading with tactile supplements. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):149-160. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Tactual Displays. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: History of research on tactile aids to supplement speechreading. Abstract: Discusses the history of research on tactile aids to supplement speechreading. One of the biggest problems facing tactile-aid researchers is the lack of Subjects with long-term experience in using tactile aids. It is suggested that researchers developing aids for hearing-impaired people need to provide training staff with a detailed description of the information conveyed by individual aids, which is critical to designing appropriate training programs. Also needed is the development of wearable versions of those experimental aids that have been shown to benefit hearing-impaired Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 73. Author: Garstecki, Dean C. Affiliation: Northwestern U, Audiology & Hearing Impairment Program, Evanston, IL, US. Title: Speechreading with auditory cues. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):161-177. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Research in auditory visual speech perception, remedial applications. Abstract: Discusses research describing perceptual behavior, bisensory communication evaluation procedures, and remediation of bisensory perceptual problems. Research in auditory-visual speech perception has focused on the effects of competing noise, filtering, age, hearing loss, and stimulus and noise. Evaluation procedures encompass hearing aid selection, vision contribution, measurement of perception performance, and surveying perception problems. Remediation requires consonant recognition training, sentence and conversation comprehension training, and a training paradigm for all materials. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 74. Author: Kipila, Elizabeth L.; Williams-Scott, Barbara. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Cued Speech Team, Washington, DC, US. Title: Cued Speech and speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):179-189. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cues. Lipreading. Gestures. Aurally Handicapped. Verbal Comprehension. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Cued speech system of handshapes as supplement to speechreading, cue reception & comprehension, hearing impaired & normal hearing persons. Abstract: Discusses research findings on cue reception and comprehension and sensory aid for cues and the applications of cued speech to hearing-impaired speechreaders and normal-hearing individuals. Cued Speech is a phonemically based hand supplement to speechreading comprised of 8 handshapes to represent consonants and 4 positions about the face to represent vowels. The Cued Speech system is based on phonemes and mouthshapes, not language or linguistic concepts. Its intent is to help hearing-impaired people read lips more successfully. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 75. Author: Montgomery, Allen A.; Demorest, Marilyn E. Affiliation: U South Carolina, Columbia, US. Title: Issues and developments in the evaluation of speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):193-214. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Test Construction. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Development & use of tests of speechreading, aurally handicapped students & others. Abstract: Discusses issues surrounding the development and uses of tests of speechreading, evaluates current procedures, and offers examples of possible solutions to some current problems. Assessment problems include auditory testing, lack of correlation with other traits, measuring change, inter-talker differences, and the basis for scoring. Measuring change can take into account improvement after instruction, comparison of teaching methods, and individual differences in improvement. The deficiencies of the viseme for scoring open-ended response tasks are discussed. New approaches to assessing speechreading include estimating continuous discourse intelligibility and sentence intelligibility in noise. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 76. Author: de Filippo, Carol L. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf, NY, US. Title: Tracking for speechreading training. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):215-239. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Communication Skills Training. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Tracking technique for learning speechreading, aurally handicapped. Abstract: "Tracking" is a technique originally described by C. L. De Filippo and B. L. Scott (1978) for training and evaluating the reception of connected discourse (sets of related sentences that form paragraphs and stories). The procedure involves verbatim response, interaction between talker and speechreader, and a rate measure. Among the issues surrounding the procedure are those concerning fail-safe techniques (i.e., accounting for missed words and limiting correction time), talker learning, task learning, material selection, age-related factors, and evaluation vs training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 77. Author: Yoshinago-Itano, Christine. Affiliation: U Colorado, Boulder, US. Title: Speechreading instruction for children. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):241-259. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Children. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Holistic teaching approach for learning speechreading, hearing impaired children. Abstract: Proposes a holistic approach to teaching hearing-impaired children speechreading, based on the interrelationships among (1) language competence, (2) speech intelligibility, (3) reading, and (4) speechreading skills. The approach includes a repertoire of strategies, child-directed objectives, self-evaluation and teacher evaluation, real-life situations, and a hierarchy of task difficulty. It is noted that success in speechreading is highly related to the child's motivation to improve oral communication and that the more hearing a child has, the better the performance in auditory-visual reception of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 78. Author: Van Uden, Antoine M. Affiliation: Inst voor Doven, Sint Michielsgestel, Netherlands. Title: Interrelating reception and expression in speechreading training. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):261-272. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Visual Perception. Speech Perception. Videotapes. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Interpretation of own videotaped speech as training technique, learning speechreading, hearing impaired. Abstract: Argues that active integration of visual cues, auditory cues, and articulatory cues of speech into one gestalt is important for speechreading success. Without auditory control, control of speech by hearing-impaired individuals is possible only by means of mental images. In training, integration can be accomplished by having hearing-impaired people speechread their own speech via videotape recording and playback. The method promotes development of both speech production and speechreading skills and is recommended for speakers suffering from some degree of dyspraxia (disturbances in the coordination of motor acts) of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 79. Author: Sims, Donald G. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf, NY, US. Title: Video methods for speechreading instruction. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):273-288. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Videotape Instruction. Teaching Methods. Adolescents. Individualized Instruction. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Efficacy of self instruction video in learning speechreading, hearing impaired adolescents & adults. Abstract: Addresses the history, methodology, and instructional benefits of self-instruction video as an effective component of speechreading instruction for use with hearing-impaired adults and adolescents. The evolution of video-based instruction is described from its beginnings in filmed experimental instruction to computer-controlled videodiscs. Important factors in the design of video lessons are outlined, including the advantages of different hardware alternatives and computer-assisted learning. Instructional evaluation methods relevant to this type of self-instruction are discussed, and existing research on the effectiveness of current interactive video programs is summarized. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 80. Author: Cherry, Rochelle; Rubinstein, Adrienne. Affiliation: City U New York, Brooklyn Coll, US. Title: Speechreading instruction for adults: Issues and approaches. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):289-306. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Communication Skills Training. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Program attributes for successful speechreading instruction, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Discusses program attributes for successful instruction speechreading. The program structure includes the evaluation of client needs, requirements for teachers' facial expressiveness, individual vs group therapy, unisensory vs bisensory training, inclusion of significant others, and homework. Speechreading is distinguished from lipreading by the attempt to maximalize available information from face, body, situation, and language. Factors affecting speechreading success include (1) the talker, (2) the environment, (3) the message itself, and (4) the speechreader. It is noted that the main obstacle to training is the client's denial of hearing loss. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 81. Author: Campbell, Ruth; Garwood, Jeanette; Rosen, Stuart. Affiliation: U Oxford, England. Title: Adding sound to lipread lists: The effects on serial recall of adding an auditory pulse train and a pure tone to silently lipread lists. Source: Memory & Cognition, 1988 May, v16 (n3):210-219. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Recall (Learning). Auditory Stimulation. Serial Learning. Stimulus Parameters. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading in silence vs with synchronous auditory pulse train &/vs auditory pure tone, serial recall, college students. Abstract: Two experiments investigated serial recall of lipread digit lists accompanied by an auditory pulse train, using 46 undergraduates. The pulse train indicated the pitch of voiced speech (buzz-speech) of the seen speaker as she was speaking. As a purely auditory signal, it could not support item identification. Such buzz-speech recall was compared with silent lipread list recall and with the recall of buzz-speech lists to which a pure tone had been added (buzz-and-beep lists). Results show no significant difference in overall accuracy of recall for the 3 types of lipread lists; however, there were significant differences in the shape of the serial recall function for the 3 list types. Recency characterized the silent and the buzz-speech lists, and these lists differed in their varying susceptibilities to a range of speechlike suffixes. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 82. DISSERTATION Author: Linville, Sharon H. Affiliation: U Kansas, US. Title: Perception of sentences by normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1988 Apr, v48 (n10-B):2911. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Sentence Comprehension. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Perception of auditory vs visual vs audiovisual sentences, hearing impaired Subjects. 83. Author: Small, Larry H.; Infante, Alicia A. Affiliation: Bowling Green State U, OH, US. Title: Effects of training and visual distance on speechreading performance. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1988 Apr, v66 (n2):415-418. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Experience Level. Visual Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Training & visual distance, speechreading performance, female college students. Abstract: Investigated training effects on Subjects' ability to speechread sentences at varying visual distances of 3-6, 6-12, and 12-18 ft. 15 female undergraduates who received training obtained higher sentence speechreading scores than 15 untrained women. It is suggested that the emphasis placed on kinesthetic feedback may have assisted the trained Subjects' performance; however, distance up to 18 ft did not appear to affect Subjects' ability to speechread sentences, regardless of training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 84. Author: Johnson, Fern M.; Hicks, Leslie H.; Goldberg, Terry; Myslobodsky, Michael S. Affiliation: Howard U, Washington, DC, US. Title: Sex differences in lipreading. Source: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1988 Mar, v26 (n2):106-108. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Overlearning. Human Sex Differences. Syllables. Words (Phonetic Units). Sentences. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading of syllables vs words vs overlearned sentences, male vs female adults. Abstract: Administered 3 lipreading tests designed to assess recognition of syllables, words, and overlearned sentences to 17 male and 36 female adult volunteers. Results show that females were superior in lipreading ability, notably in recognizing sentences. Findings are discussed in relation to the suggestion of K. Berndl et al (see PA, Vol 74:23810) that females are more avid gazers than males. It is suggested that sex differences in gazing patterns explain the differences in lipreading ability. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 85. Author: Dancer, Jesse E.; Davis, Priscilla N.; O'Neil, Jennifer. Affiliation: U Arkansas, Little Rock, US. Title: Word recognition versus sentence comprehension on a speechreading task. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1987 Mar, v132 (n1):43-45. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Word Recognition. Sentence Comprehension. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Word recognition vs sentence comprehension on speechreading task, adults, reanalysis. Abstract: Analyzed S. Squires's (1985) data suggesting a significant improvement in 15 normal adults' speechreading (i.e., ability to understand speech by observing the speaker). Results indicate that Subjects increased their verbal output, percentage correct of stimulus words, mean length of utterance, and number of multiword utterances; sentence comprehension, syntactic correctness, and response accuracy did not improve. Findings indicate that a word-recognition scoring method does not necessarily reflect changes at the sentence or connected discourse levels. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 86. Author: Kliorin, A. I.; Alyakrinskii, V. V. Affiliation: S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Leningrad, USSR. Title: Visual perception of spoken speech by normally hearing individuals differing in physical constitution type. Source: Human Physiology, 1987 Mar-Apr, v13 (n2):96-106. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Perception. Lipreading. Somatotypes. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual perception of spoken speech in silent films, students differing in physical somatotypes. Abstract: Investigated visual perception (VP) of spoken speech (i.e., lip-reading) in 182 students with various undetermined physical somatotypes. Subjects watched silent films of speakers pronouncing separate phrases of 3 or 4 words; they subsequently recorded the words they had recognized. Results indicate that the highest VP scores were obtained by Subjects with muscular somatotypes. It is suggested, however, that differences in VP may have been due to both constitutional and individual factors. Also, the effectiveness of a special verbal instruction prior to the lipreading task differed significantly in Subjects of different constitutional types. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 87. Author: Montgomery, Allen A.; Walden, Brian E.; Prosek, Robert A. Affiliation: Walter Reed US Army Medical Ctr, Army Audiology & Speech Ctr, Washington, DC. Title: Effects of consonantal context on vowel lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1987 Mar, v30 (n1):50-59. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hearing Disorders. Lipreading. Vowels. Contextual Associations. Consonants. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Consonantal context, vowel lipreading, adult males with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Abstract: Assessed the effects of consonantal context on vowel lipreading for 30 men (mean age 40.5 yrs) with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss who lipread videotape recordings of 2 female talkers. Analyses of the confusion matrices from each talker indicated that vowel intelligibility was significantly poorer in most contexts involving highly visible consonants, although the utterances of 1 talker were highly intelligible in the bilabial context. Among the visible contexts, the fricative and labiodental contexts in particular produced the lowest vowel intelligibility regardless of talker. Lax vowels were consistently more difficult to perceive than tense vowels. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 88. Author: Nigam, Ravi. Affiliation: SPEECHCARE, New Delhi, India. Title: Rehabilitation of aurally handicapped through speech reading. Source: Hearing Aid Journal, 1987 Jan, v5 (n2, 53-57):51. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Aurally Handicapped. Hearing Aids. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech reading training & hearing aids, aurally handicapped children. Abstract: Discusses the necessity of speech reading (SR) or lipreading training for every person with hearing loss. SR is presented as a key to language and tool of communication for the hearing impaired (HI) child. The following topics of concern for parents and teachers of HI children are discussed: when to begin SR training, SR materials, advantages and disadvantages of SR, and hearing aids in SR. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 89. Author: Suty, Karen A. Affiliation: Cleveland State U. Title: Communication strategies for hearing-impaired people. Source: Hearing Rehabilitation Quarterly, 1986 Winter, v11 (n1, 4-9):20. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Conversation. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Interpersonal Communication. Gestures. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Communication strategies & conversational feedback, speech processing during conversation, hearing & hearing impaired communicators. Abstract: Proposes communication patterns that maintain an interaction between hearing-impaired and normal-hearing persons. Communication strategies that aid speech processing as well as conversational management are suggested to both normal-hearing (e.g., make speech audible and visible) and hearing-impaired persons (e.g., optimize physical conditions) along with specific recommendations for each strategy. Conversational feedback behaviors between speakers and listeners are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 90. Author: Crittenden, Jerry B.; Ritterman, Stuart I.; Wilcox, Elizabeth W. Affiliation: U South Florida, Tampa, US. Title: Communication mode as a factor in the performance of hearing-impaired children on a standardized receptive vocabulary test. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1986 Dec, v131 (n5):356-360. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Oral Communication. Manual Communication. Auditory Stimulation. Lipreading. Sign Language. Elementary School Students. Vocabulary. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Total vs oral communication with vs without audio vs manual communication & hearing acuity, receptive language performance, profoundly deaf 6-12 yr olds. Abstract: Studied the effect of communication mode on performance of hearing-impaired children on a vocabulary test. Using 5 different communication modes, 52 profoundly deaf students (aged 6-12 yrs) at a residential school for the deaf were administered a videotaped presentation of a vocabulary test standardized for hearing impaired populations. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 communication modes (total communication (TC) with audio, TC without audio, manual communication (MC) with no mouth movement, oral communication (OC) with audio, and OC without audio) and tested individually. Communication modes using MC yielded performances significantly superior to all other modes. There was no significant difference between MC, TC with audio, and TC without audio, or between OC with and without audio. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 91. Author: Reynolds, H. N. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Washington, DC, US. Title: Performance of deaf college students on a criterion-referenced, modified cloze test of reading comprehension. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1986 Dec, v131 (n5):361-364. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Reading Comprehension. Text Structure. Lipreading. Severity (Disorders). Articulation (Speech). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Prose difficulty & articulation & speechreading ability, reading comprehension, prelingually vs postlingually deaf 18-39 yr olds. Abstract: Studied the performance of 24 male and 76 female deaf students (aged 18-39 yrs) at Gallaudet University in Washington, DC, on the Degrees of Reading Power (DRP) test published by the College Entrance Examination Board (1980). The DRP uses a modified cloze procedure to assess reading ability in relation to prose difficulty. A bimodal distribution of DRP scores was obtained and compared with the prose difficulty of various reading materials. The mean test score for postlingually deaf Subjects was significantly higher than that for prelingually deaf Subjects. DRP reading scores were significantly correlated with the degree of hearing loss for prelingually deaf Subjects and with articulation ability, but showed no significant correlation with speech-reading ability or sign communication experience. The educational and research potential of this test for deaf students is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 92. Author: Dodd, Barbara; Campbell, Ruth. Affiliation: Macquarie U, School of English & Linguistics, North Ryde, Australia. Title: "Serial recall of static and dynamic stimuli by deaf and hearing children" by McGurk & Saqi: Critical comments. Source: British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1986 Nov, v4 (n4):311-313. 10 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Short Term Memory. Graphical Displays. Lipreading. Sign Language. Professional Criticism. Children. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Lipread vs graphic vs signed stimuli, short term memory, deaf children, comments on article by H. McGurk & S. Saqi. Abstract: Comments on a study by H. McGurk and S. Saqi (see PA, Vol 74:7752) that tested some of the conclusions by the present authors and colleagues (see PA, Vol 71:18101) concerning deaf children's short-term memory for lip-read, graphic, and signed stimuli. Issues considered include movement of stimulus features, recency effects, and the nature of the code used by deaf children in lip-reading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 93. Author: Ling, Daniel. Affiliation: U Western Ontario, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, London, Canada. Title: Devices and procedures for auditory learning. Source: Volta Review, 1986 Sep, v88 (n5):19-28. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Language Development. Hearing Aids. Oral Communication. Lipreading. Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Assistive devices & rehabilitative procedures, development of spoken language, hearing impaired. Abstract: Presents basic notions related to devices and procedures that can be used to develop optimal levels of spoken language communication for hearing impaired children. Assistive devices (hearing aids, cochlear implants, tactile and visual aids) and rehabilitative procedures (auditory training, speechreading (lipreading), cued speech, improvement of speech production) are reviewed. It is concluded that the most effective means of developing spoken language remains its use in real life communicative situations involving the hearing impaired child and his/her teachers, parents, and speaking peers. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 94. Author: Walker, Wendy-Louise; Collins, John K.; Krass, Jeanette. Affiliation: U Sydney, Australia. Title: Strategy for hypnotizing a deaf patient with good speech-reading skills. Source: Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 1986 May, v14 (n1):65-71. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Hypnotherapy. Psychotherapeutic Processes. Lipreading. Weight Control. Case Report. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Modification of hypnotic technique in weight control program to incorporate lipreading instructions, 30 yr old severely deaf female, case report. Abstract: Discusses the case of a severely deaf 30-yr-old woman in a weight control program who was taught, through minor modifications of a standardized hypnotic procedure, hypnosis by alternating times with eyes open, when the Subject lipread instructions and suggestions, and times with eyes closed, when the Subject involved herself in suggested experience. The touching of the Subject's hand was used as a cue for eyes open. It is suggested that clinicians should include hypnosis among possible treatment modalities for severely deaf patients with good lipreading skills. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 95. Author: Massaro, Dominic W.; Thompson, Laura A.; Barron, Brigid; Laren, Elizabeth. Affiliation: U California, Program in Experimental Psychology, Santa Cruz. Title: Developmental changes in visual and auditory contributions to speech perception. Source: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1986 Feb, v41 (n1):93-113. 26 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Age Differences. Lipreading. Visual Perception. Childhood. Adolescence. Adulthood. Experimental Replication. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Visual influence & lipreading ability, 2.4-6.8 vs 16-32 yr olds, replication of work by D. W. Massaro. Abstract: Investigated whether children are poorer lip-readers than adults and whether there is a positive correlation between lip-reading ability and the visual influence given bimodal speech. 40 children, aged 2 yrs 5 mo to 6 yrs 10 mo, and 11 16-32 yr old adults were tested in 3 experiments with both auditory and visual sources and were also required to identify speech events on the basis of only the visual source. In addition to replicating the previous findings of the 1st author (see PA, Vol 72:9208) in the bimodal situation, the present findings indicate that children are poorer lip-readers than adults. A positive correlation was observed between lip-reading ability and the size of the visual contribution to bimodal speech perception. A fuzzy logical model of speech perception provides a good quantitative description of the results even with the assumption that the visual information was equivalent in both the bimodal and lip-reading conditions. Results also contradict the categorical perception of speech events and any nonindependence in the evaluation of auditory and visual information in speech perception. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 96. Author: Crawford, Jody; Dancer, Jess; Pittenger, John. Affiliation: U Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Title: Initial performance level on a speechreading task as related to subsequent improvement after shortterm training. Source: Volta Review, 1986 Feb-Mar, v88 (n2):101-105. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Recognition (Learning). Individualized Instruction. Knowledge Level. Performance. Skill Learning. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Short term training, pretest vs posttest speech reading performance scores, 18-30 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the relationship of initial speech-reading performance scores to final performance scores following short-term training in 30 normal adults (aged 18-30 yrs). Results indicate a highly significant linear relationship between pre- and posttest scores. The regression line showed a small but significant tendency for Subjects with higher pretest scores to have a greater increase in performance than those with lower pretest scores. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 97. Author: Campbell, Ruth. Affiliation: U Oxford, England. Title: The lateralization of lip-read sounds: A first look. Source: Brain & Cognition, 1986 Jan, v5 (n1):1-21. 56 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Cerebral Dominance. Visual Field. Tachistoscopic Presentation. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Field of presentation & task type of speech sound, matching of still lip face photograph to heard speech sound & reporting of sound made by seen face, college students, UK. Abstract: Conducted 2 tachistoscopic studies on the lateralization of lip-read still photographs in normal right-handed Subjects. In Study 1, 16 18-30 yr old undergraduates matched a still lip photograph with a heard speech sound. A clear right-hemisphere (left visual field (LVF)) advantage emerged, despite the phonological requirements of this task. This pattern of laterality failed to interact with the type of response (same-different) or with the status of the heard phoneme; both consonant and vowel matching showed the same pattern of LVF advantage, despite the significantly greater difficulty of consonant than vowel matching in this particular task. In Study 2, 20 undergraduates were required to speak the sound they saw being spoken by a centrally displayed face photograph. The displayed face was chimeric (i.e., one side of the face was seen saying one sound, one side another, resulting in a rather complex pattern). A clear expressor asymmetry emerged; speech sounds were judged more accurately when they issued from the right side of the speaker's face. However, only the LVF was accurate in reporting chimeric face sounds correlated with speed in learning to lip-read, suggesting that the LVF is systematically involved even when task demands do not, at 1st sight, suggest that they should be. Findings suggest that the right hemsiphere could support some aspects of the processing of seen speech in normally hearing, normally lateralized individuals. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 98. Author: Pandey, Prem, C.; Kunov, Hans; Abel, Sharon M. Affiliation: U Toronto, Inst of Biomedical Engineering, ON, Canada. Title: Disruptive effects of auditory signal delay on speech perception with lipreading. Source: Journal of Auditory Research, 1986 Jan, v26 (n1):27-41. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Sentences. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Stimulus Parameters. Speech Processing (Mechanical). Hearing Aids. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Videotaped sentence lists with auditory signal delay, sentence perception, 19-30 yr olds, implications for speech processing aids for lipreading. Abstract: Measured the effect of auditory signal delay on audiovisual perception of videotaped sentence lists using 12 Subjects (aged 19-30 yrs) with normal hearing. Results support the theory that sensitivity to audiovisual desynchrony is significant only at a syllabic level in connected speech. It is suggested that moderate delays introduced by speech-processing aids for lipreading (as for cochlear-implanted patients) will not interfere with the advantages of providing the auditory information. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 99. Author: Oller, D. Kimbrough; Eilers, Rebecca; Vergara, Kathleen; LaVoie, Evelyn. Affiliation: U Miami, FL. Title: Tactual vocoders in a multisensory program training speech production and reception. Source: Volta Review, 1986 Jan, v88 (n1):21-36. 26 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Preschool Students. Apparatus. Elementary School Students. Tactual Stimulation. Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Articulation (Speech). Auditory Stimulation. Speech Therapy. Special Education. Childhood. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Tactual vocoders vs lipreading vs auditory trainer in elementary & preschool program, speech reception & production, profoundly hearing impaired 3-6 yr olds. Abstract: Describes an elementary and preschool program using a vibrotactile and an electrocutaneous vocoder in speech reception and production training with 13 profoundly hearing-impaired children (aged 3-6 yrs). The training approach presented speech information through the senses of touch (tactual vocoders), vision (lipreading), and audition (FM auditory trainer) in combination and in isolation. The sequence of phonetic training was based on patterns of phonological development in normal-hearing children, special speech error patterns of the hearing impaired, and the relative salience of tactual speech features as displayed by the 2 aids. Reception (discrimination, identification, and comprehension) and production (imitation and functional use) were trained with syllables, words, and simple sentences. Results show progress in speech communication not seen prior to training with tactual vocoders. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 100. Author: Johnson, Donald D.; Snell, Karen B. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf Eye & Ear Clinic, NY, US. Title: Effect of distance visual acuity problems on the speechreading performance of hearing-impaired adults. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1986, v19:42-55. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Acuity. Lipreading. Deaf. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Distance visual acuity, speechreading performance, deaf 19-38 yr olds. Abstract: Assessed the speechreading performance and distance visual acuity (DVA) of 786 deaf college students (aged 19-38) yrs) and determined the effect of DVA deficits on speechreading performance. Results show that (a) if the DVA in both eyes is 20/30 or better, Subjects should be able to function normally within the classroom when speechreading at distances up to 22 feet, (b) as long as 1 eye is within normal limits (20/30 or better), speechreading performance should be comparable to that of Subjects with normal binocular vision under similar environmental conditions, and (c) the effect of impaired binocular vision will be reflected in speechreading performance, especially when the vision in both eyes is 20/60 or poorer, or the better eye is 20/40 and the poorer eye is about 20/100 or poorer with best correction. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 101. Author: Kopra, Lennart L.; Kopra, Martha A.; Abrahamson, Judy E.; Dunlop, Robert J. Affiliation: U Texas, Austin, US. Title: Development of sentences graded in difficulty for lipreading practice. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1986, v19:71-86. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Practice. Sentences. Teaching Methods. Adulthood. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Development of list of sentences for lipreading practice drill, postlingually hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Describes the development of 300 sentences (appended) for lipreading drill and practice for postlingually hearing-impaired adults. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 102. Author: de Filippo, Carol L. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf, NY, US. Title: Visual intelligibility of deaf and hearing talkers. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1986, v19:87-101. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Communication Skills. Deaf. Verbal Communication. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual intelligibility for lipreading, deaf vs hearing talkers. Abstract: Tested the visual intelligibility of deaf talkers under the supposition that learning language through lipreading results in implicit knowledge of how to produce lipreadable speech. Subjects were 8 profoundly deaf adults (including 4 college students) and 8 task-sophisticated normal-hearing professionals. Intelligibility of 15 vowels in a homophenous consonant environment was tested in a closed-set format. Consonant intelligibility was tested in a multiple choice task using 10 contrasting articulations (e.g., alveolar vs velar as in "take" vs "cake"). Silent videotapes were shown to 21 profoundly deaf lipreaders of college age. Identification responses indicated that, among talker groups, young deaf adults were significantly less intelligible than the other talkers; but, older deaf adults were as intelligible as normal-hearing professionals, though there were differences in error patterns. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 103. Author: Robbins, Amy M.; and others. Affiliation: Indiana U School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Title: Speech-tracking performance in single-channel cochlear implant subjects. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1985 Dec, v28 (n4):565-578. 38 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Deaf. Apparatus. Cochlea. Hearing Disorders. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading with vs without single-channel cochlear implant, perception & tracking of connected speech, deaf 18-72 yr olds. Abstract: Evaluated the ability of 20 deaf adults (aged 18-72 yrs) to understand connected discourse under conditions of lipreading alone (LA) or lipreading plus electrical stimulation by a single-channel cochlear implant (LI). Performance was evaluated using the speech-tracking procedure, which required Subjects to repeat verbatim textual material read by another individual. The reception of ongoing speech was measured in terms of the number of words repeated correctly each minute. Results reveal on the average, a significantly higher tracking rate in the LI condition (28.6 words/minute (wpm)) than the LA condition (16.4 wpm). Results show a significant learning effect across sessions for both conditions. Subjects who were previous hearing aid users achieved a significantly higher tracking rate in the LI condition than did Subjects who had no previous experience with amplification. Significant Subjects differences were present as a function of condition. 16 Subjects achieved higher tracking rates in the LI than in the LA condition. However, 4 of these 16 Subjects showed similar relative gains in both conditions and 3 showed a decrease in performance in the LA condition over time. The remaining 4 Subjects showed nearly equivalent tracking rates in both conditions over time. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 104. Author: Collins, M. Jane; Hurtig, Richard R. Affiliation: Louisiana State U Speech & Hearing Clinic, Baton Rouge. Title: Categorical perception of speech sounds via the tactile mode. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1985 Dec, v28 (n4):594-598. 12 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Auditory Discrimination. Tactual Perception. Speech Characteristics. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Categorical discrimination & tactile vs auditory perception of synthetic syllables presented along voice onset time continuum, 22-43 yr olds, implications for tactile aids to lipreading. Abstract: Used a categorical perception paradigm to evaluate the tactile perception of speech sounds of 4 normal-hearing adults (aged 22-43 yrs) in comparison with their auditory perception. Results show that speech signals delivered by tactile stimulation was categorically perceived on a voice-onset time (VOT) continuum. The boundary for the voiced-voiceless distinction fell at longer VOTs for tactile than for auditory perception. It is concluded that the procedure is useful for determining characteristics of tactile perception and for prosthesis evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 105. Author: Kitano, Yoko; Siegenthaler, Bruce M.; Stoker, Richard G. Affiliation: Pennsylvania State U, Communication Disorders Program, University Park. Title: Facial hair as a factor in speechreading performance. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders, 1985 Oct, v18 (n5):373-381. 29 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hair. Face (Anatomy). Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Facial hair, speechreading, hearing impaired high school students. Abstract: Tested 11 hearing-impaired high school students using a speechreading test that consisted of the Central Institute for the Deaf Everyday Sentence Lists, developed by Silverman and I. Hirsch (1955), read by a male speaker under 4 conditions: (a) full beard and moustache, (b) trimmed beard and moustache, (c) moustache only, and (d) clean shaven. Results indicate that varying amounts of facial hair did not have significant effects on speechreading performance. Contrary to the hypothesis, mean scores for speechreading performance decreased somewhat with reduction of facial hair. A short interview with each Subject revealed that about half felt that facial hair was distracting and the rest said it had no effect if they could see lip movements. A possible explanation for this trend is that a beard and moustache provide a clear ground to the shape of the lips and may provide a focus for the lip reader's attention. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 106. Author: Williams, Boyce R. Affiliation: Gallaudet U. Title: The education of the deaf: Past, present, future. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf, 1985 Jul-Oct, v19 (n1-2):1-3. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Special Education. Teaching Methods. Aurally Handicapped. Oral Communication. Lipreading. Sign Language. Amplifiers (Apparatus). Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Oralism vs total communication encompassing lipreading & speech & signs & writing & amplification, education, deaf students. Abstract: Documents the change from oralism to total communication--lip-reading, speech, signs, writing, amplification--in the education for the deaf in the US. The rationale presented to explain the psychological incredibility of oralism cites 3 basic factors that function simultaneously: (1) English is an inside language, much of which is not readily visible. (2) Deaf children respond to the elements of speech better when they know from total communication what is expected of them. (3) The human rate of capability to assimilate symbols is at its peak between 2 and 6 yrs of age. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 107. DISSERTATION Author: Pudlas, Kenneth A. Affiliation: U British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Title: Unimodal and multimodal communication with hearing impaired students. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1985 Jun, v45 (n12-A):3611-3612. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Sign Language. Auditory Perception. Lipreading. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. General terms: Communication. Key phrase: Personal & demographic characteristics, reception of language in oral &/or aural &/or manual communication modes, hearing impaired students with mean age of 14.6 yrs. 108. Author: Schwartz, Marcia G. Affiliation: Educational Services for the Hearing Impaired, Nyack, NY. Title: Speechreading for adults deafened later in life. Source: Volta Review, 1985 May, v87 (n4):231-235. 9 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Adult Education. Social Isolation. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Adults. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Speech reading course, feelings of isolation & insecurity, 35-75 yr olds deafened later in life. Abstract: Describes a speechreading course designed to help adults (aged 35-75 yrs) deafened later in life to overcome their feelings of isolation, of insecurity at home and at work, and of not knowing where to turn for help. The program teaches speechreading skills and techniques for more effective use of residual hearing and offers opportunities for participants to express their feelings about hearing impairment. The teaching steps, homework, and TV guidelines involved in the class are discussed, as are the benefits of class discussion. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 109. DISSERTATION Author: Mead, Robert A. Affiliation: Columbia U. Title: Psychological differentiation, arousal, and lipreading efficiency in hearing impaired and normal children. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1985 Apr, v45 (n10-B):3341. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Field Dependence. Lipreading. Physiological Arousal. Children. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Field dependence & patterns of physiological arousal & lipreading ability, hearing impaired vs normal children. 110. DISSERTATION Author: Rigo, Thomas G. Affiliation: Florida State U. Title: The relationship between the visual contribution to speech perception and lipreading ability during focused and divided attention. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1985 Mar, v45 (n9-B):2860-2861. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Divided Attention. Lipreading. Selective Attention. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Focused vs divided attention, visual contribution to lipreading ability & speech perception, normal hearing adults. 111. Author: Matkin, Arlene M.; Matkin, Noel D. Title: Benefits of total communication as perceived by parents of hearing-impaired children. Source: Language, Speech, & Hearing Services in Schools, 1985 Jan, v16 (n1):64-74. 15 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Parental Attitudes. Lipreading. Hearing Aids. Psychosocial Development. Emotional Development. Childhood. Adulthood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. General terms: Communication. Key phrase: Parental perception of total communication ability of child, social & emotional & educational growth & speechreading & speech & hearing aid use, hearing impaired 5-20 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated parents' perceptions of the impact of total communication (TC) on social, emotional, and educational growth; speechreading; and speech and hearing aid use, based on questionnaire responses from 48 families. Subjects were restricted to parents whose hearing-impaired children had initially been enrolled in an aural/oral program for a minimum of 2 yrs and then subsequently had been in a TC class in a day-school setting for at least 2 yrs. The 48 children were between the ages of 5 and 20 yrs and typically had a profound sensorineural hearing loss that was identified at approximately age 20 mo. Results indicate a significant correlation between Subjects' overall perception as to the benefits of TC and their perception of their children's educational and emotional growth. Most Subjects did not perceive the use of TC as adversely affecting speechreading, speech production, or hearing aid use. The questionnaire is appended. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 112. Author: Kricos, Patricia B.; Lesner, Sharon A. Affiliation: U Florida, Gainesville. Title: Effect of talker differences on the speechreading of hearing-impaired teenagers. Source: Volta Review, 1985 Jan, v87 (n1):5-14. 23 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Speech Characteristics. Lipreading. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Talker differences, speechreading performance, hearing impaired 15-17 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the effect of talker differences on the speech-reading performance of 12 hearing-impaired 15-17 yr olds. Two female graduate students, both with normal articulation and auditory intelligibility, were talkers for the experimental task. Hearing-impaired Subjects lip-read syllables, words, and sentences spoken by each talker, and viseme categories were determined for each talker through the use of a hierarchical clustering analysis. Results indicate that the number of consonant visemes was different for each talker and was related to the talker's word and sentence intelligibility. It appears, therefore, that the use of different talkers may significantly affect the speech-reading performance of hearing-impaired teenagers. Results suggest that teachers and clinicians who work with hearing-impaired children should consider the visual ambiguities of their own speech and attempt to assess their visual speech intelligibility. Findings support the need for the selection, training, and use of oral interpreters. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 113. Author: Neef, Nancy A.; Iwata, Brian A. Affiliation: Johns Hopkins U, Div of Education. Title: The development of generative lipreading skills in deaf persons using cued speech training. Source: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 1985, v5 (n4):289-305. 24 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Speech Therapy. Sign Language. Oral Communication. Generalization (Learning). Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Cued speech training, lipreading & generalization of skills to articulation responses, 23 & 26 yr old males with congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Abstract: Evaluated the effects of cued speech, a system of manual cues used in conjunction with spoken words, on lipreading performance of 2 males (aged 23 and 26 yrs) with congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Subjects received sequential cued speech training via a multiple-baseline design across groups of phonemes (responses). Prior to and following training on each group, 2 types of probes were administered. Individual phoneme probes assessed acquisition of lipreading skills and generalization to expressive articulation responses. Novel phoneme combination probes assessed generalization of training to untrained phoneme combinations. Results indicate that Subjects were able to accurately lipread cued stimuli as a function of cued speech training and that generalization of lipreading skills to novel nonsense syllables occurred. Cued speech training also appeared to facilitate lipreading performance with noncued stimuli, as well as articulation responses. Subjects' probe performance following training compared favorably with that of an untrained deaf peer who was considered to be a skilled lipreader. Advantages of cued speech over other methods of communication training are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 114. Author: Tyler, Richard S.; and others. Affiliation: U Iowa Hosps, Iowa City. Title: Initial Iowa results with the multichannel cochlear implant from Melbourne. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1984 Dec, v27 (n4):596-604. 25 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Ear Disorders. Cochlea. Prostheses. Speech Perception. Vowels. Consonants. Words (Phonetic Units). Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Melbourne multichannel cochlear implant, recognition of consonants & vowels & words & speech tracking & lipreading, hearing impaired 33 & 45 yr old males. Abstract: Examined 2 hearing-impaired Subjects, 33- and 45-yr-old males, who were outfitted with the Melbourne multichannel cochlear implant, developed by Y. C. Tong et al (1981). Live-voice word, consonant, and vowel recognition tests, and a speech-tracking task were administered during the 1st 90 days after implantation. Results indicate 30-50% correct recognition of vowels (given 9 alternatives) and about 30-60% correct recognition of consonants (given 12 alternatives). Speech tracking showed 2-3 times faster rates with implant and vision compared to a vision-alone condition. After 3-4 mo of implant experience, test results indicate about 80% recognition of everyday sounds in a 5-choice closed-set condition and about 50% recognition of everyday sounds in an open-set condition. Subjects were 50% correct at identifying the accented words in a sentence and at determining the number of syllables in a word. One Subject was unable to recognize a sentence as a statement or a question. Background noise (+10 db signal/noise) reduced Subjects' performance on a 4-choice spondee test to chance. Both Subjects identified a sound as either a voice or a modulated noise at 95% correct and recognized speaker sex at 95% correct. Neither Subject could discriminate whether 2 (successive) sentences were spoken by the same speaker or by 2 different speakers. One Subject identified 45% and the 85% of the words in sentences that were preceded by a conceptual picture using sound alone. One Subject identified 13% of the words in sentences in sound alone even without contextual information. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 115. Title: Claim for cued speech interpreter goes to trial. Source: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter, 1984 Nov-Dec, v8 (n6):547. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Sign Language. Case Law. Equal Education. Special Education. Adulthood. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Adult. Key phrase: Request for cued speech interpreter in general & special education classes, parents of hearing impaired child, case law. Abstract: In Woolcott v. Michigan State Board of Education, 351 N.W.2d 601 (Mich. Ct. App. 1984), the court reinstated the claims of parents who alleged that a school district's refusal to provide their hearing-impaired daughter with a cued speech interpreter in her general as well as her special classes violated her rights under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act and Michigan's Mandatory Special Education Act. However, the court affirmed the dismissal of the parents' claims under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the state's civil rights act. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 116. Author: Wilson, Sharon; Dancer, Jess; Stamper, John. Affiliation: Memorial Hosp, North Little Rock, AR. Title: Visual equivalency of Harris' Revised CID Everyday Sentence Lists. Source: Volta Review, 1984 Oct-Nov, v86 (n6):267-273. 14 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech and Hearing Measures. Lipreading. Test Validity. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Evaluation of list equivalency of CID Everyday Sentence Lists presented in visual mode, assessment of speechreading ability, 18-35 yr old normal hearing females. Abstract: Evaluated J. D. Harris et al's revision of the CID Everyday Sentence Lists for list equivalency when presented in the visual mode only, using 20 normal-hearing female adults (aged 18-35 yrs) as Subjects. The 10 lists of the CID Everyday Sentence Lists were recorded on videotape and presented to Subjects on a TV screen. Data analysis revealed 2 groupings of lists within which the mean scores were not significantly different. Moderate-to-high intercorrelations among lists were also found, but standard deviations were relatively large, resulting in standard errors of measurement that exceeded +- 10% at the 95% confidence interval for all but 3 list pairs. Thus, the revised sentence lists cannot be considered equivalent on the basis of a +- 10% criterion. Clinicians may find the sentences useful, however, for evaluation of training techniques with groups of clients. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 117. Author: Schultz, Martin C.; Norton, Susan J.; Conway-Fithian, Susan; Reed, Charlotte M. Affiliation: Children's Hosp Medical Ctr, Hearing/Speech Div, Boston, MA. Title: A survey of the use of the Tadoma method in the United States and Canada. Source: Volta Review, 1984 Oct-Nov, v86 (n6):282-292. 10 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: United States. Canada. Lipreading. Aurally Handicapped. Teaching Methods. Oral Communication. Special Education. Tactual Stimulation. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Usage & effectiveness of Tadoma method of teaching speechreading & production, institutions for hearing impaired & deaf-blind, United States & Canada. Abstract: Surveyed 376 US and Canadian institutions for the hearing impaired and deaf-blind to document the character, extent, and effectiveness of the Tadoma method of teaching speech reading and speech production to the deaf using vibrotactile information. Institutions were asked questions concerning selection of students, whether the Tadoma method was used alone or in conjunction with other methods, its use for speech reception and/or production, and hand positions used in teaching the method. In addition, 5 experienced teachers of the method were interviewed. 76 institutions indicated some familiarity with the Tadoma method, with 36 reporting that Tadoma was currently being used as a teaching technique, though primarily as a supplement to other methods. The types of children who were thought to derive the most benefit from Tadoma training were identified. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 118. Author: Dodd, Barbara; Campbell, Ruth. Affiliation: Macquarie U, Speech & Language Research Ctr, North Ryde, Australia. Title: Non-modality specific speech coding: The processing of lip-read information. Source: Australian Journal of Psychology, 1984 Aug, v36 (n2):171-179. 18 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Human Information Storage. Words (Phonetic Units). Visual Displays. Auditory Stimulation. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory/lipread vs auditory/graphic presentation of word lists, processing of lipread & heard speech vs graphic information. Abstract: Two experiments investigated the nature of the code in which lip-read speech is processed. In Exp I, 20 normal volunteers repeated words presented with lip-read and masked auditory components out of synchrony by 600 msec. In 1 condition the lip-read input preceded the auditory input, and in the 2nd condition the auditory input preceded the lip-read input. Direction of the modality lead did not affect the accuracy of report. Unlike the auditory/graphic letter matching investigated by L. E. Wood (see PA, Vol 52:256), the processing code used to match lip-read and auditory stimuli was insensitive to the temporal ordering of the input modalities. In Exp II, 24 Subjects were presented with 2 types of lists of color names. In one list some words were heard, and some were read while the other list consisted of heard and lip-read words. When asked to recall words from only 1 type of input presentation, Subjects confused lip-read and heard words more frequently than they confused heard and read words. Results indicate that lip-read and heard speech share a common, nonmodality-specific, processing stage that excludes graphically presented phonological information. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 119. Author: Samar, Vincent J.; Sims, Donald G. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf. Title: Visual evoked-response components related to speechreading and spatial skills in hearing and hearing-impaired adults. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1984 Jun, v27 (n2):162-172. 14 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Evoked Potentials. Spatial Ability. Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Reasoning. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual EPs during speech reading & abstract reasoning & performance of spatial relations tasks, hearing vs hearing-impaired college students. Abstract: Collected averaged visual evoked responses (VERs) to light flashes, which varied systematically in brightness and predictability, from 24 hearing and 24 hearing-impaired college students. In addition, speech reading, abstract reasoning, and spatial relations tests were administered. Separate principal components analyses of the VERs were conducted on each group to replicate and extend the authors' previous (see PA, Vol 71:22259) report of an early VER component (VF16) that reflected individual differences in the speech-reading skills of hearing Subjects. VF16 appeared in both analyses, confirming its replicability as a latent VER component. VF16 correlated with speech-reading skill in hearing-impaired males. However, its correlations with speech-reading skills in hearing Subjects were not significant. VF16 also varied systematically with stimulus predictability and correlated with spatial ability in both groups only when the time of occurrence of the light flashes was predictable. These data tentatively suggest that VF16 is a VER correlate of individual differences in a psychologically dynamic process, perhaps involving expectancy, which may relate to the performance of hearing-impaired and hearing people in visually based communication or cognitive processing situations. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 120. Author: Greene, Robert L.; Crowder, Robert G. Affiliation: Yale U. Title: Modality and suffix effects in the absence of auditory stimulation. Source: Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1984 Jun, v23 (n3):371-382. 30 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Recall (Learning). Auditory Stimulation. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Oral Communication. Memory. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Oral reading vs silent mouthing of letter strings, recall, paid volunteers. Abstract: In Exp I, 42 paid volunteers performed a serial recall task involving the silent or oral reading or the mouthing of letter strings. In Exps II and III (30 and 20 paid volunteers, respectively), Subjects matched suffixes with test items that they read aloud or silently mouthed or that were read aloud or mouthed by a videotaped model. Results show that silent mouthing or lipreading of immediate-memory lists led to modality and suffix effects of the sort formerly believed to occur only following auditory presentation. Although lip-read and mouthed suffixes interfered somewhat with recency recall of auditory items, and vice versa, the suffix effect was greatest when the modality of the suffix matched exactly that of the test items. These findings are inconsistent with previous assumptions about sensory memory (precategorical acoustic storage). Specifically, it now seems likely that gestural information relevant to the synthesis of auditory features can also be held in a precategorical store specialized for auditory feature detection. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 121. DISSERTATION Author: Mehr, Allan S. Affiliation: Adelphi U. Title: Auditory-Visual Synchrony Difference Limen and speechreading ability in adolescents with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1984 May, v44 (n11-B):3348-3349. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hearing Disorders. Lipreading. Auditory Discrimination. Visual Discrimination. Time Perception. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Detection of temporal asynchrony between auditory & visual components of speechreading stimuli, severely to profoundly hearing impaired adolescents. 122. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Burian, K. Affiliation: Vienna U, Austria. Title: Clinical results. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium: Cochlear implants (1983, Paris, France). Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1984 Suppl, v411:217-220. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Listening Comprehension. Cochlea. Prostheses. Lipreading. Electrical Stimulation. Adulthood. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Speech comprehension via lipreading & electrostimulation, cochlear implant patients, conference presentation. Abstract: Gathered auditory results for cochlear implant patients on different linguistic levels. Four Subjects had "very good" results and could understand 70-89% of unknown sentences; 7 Subjects with "good" results could understand 13-45% of unknown sentences; and 13 Subjects with "moderate" results had no open speech comprehension. In the 1st group, Subjects achieved a 97-100% perception of unknown sentences with lipreading; in the 2nd group, 5 Subjects had a better lipreading ability when combined with electrostimulation; and 10 Subjects in the 3rd group had better results with lipreading plus electrostimulation. Measurement of psychoaffective and social improvement yielded complicated results. It is suggested that suitable questionnaires that take into account the patient's individual circumstances must be developed. A standardized test battery for all implant teams should be developed so that comparisons of results would be possible. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 123. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: McCabe, Brian F.; and others. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City. Title: Preliminary assessment of the Los Angeles, Vienna and Melbourne cochlear implants. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium: Cochlear implants (1983, Paris, France). Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1984 Suppl, v411:247-253. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Deaf. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Adulthood. Aurally Handicapped. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: House-3M single-channel vs Vienna single-channel vs Nucleus Limited multichannel cochlear implant, speech discrimination & lipreading, deaf patients, conference presentation. Abstract: Tested 4 patients using the House-3M single-channel cochlear implant from Los Angeles, 3 patients using the single-channel cochlear implant from Vienna, and 2 patients using the Nucleus Limited multichannel cochlear implant from Melbourne. All but 1 Subject had profound bilateral hearing loss. The minimal auditory capacities battery and the Iowa Cochlear Implant Tests were used. Most Subjects were able to identify some environmental sounds. Three patients had difficulty distinguishing between male and female voices, and 3 could not distinguish between a noise and a voice. All Subjects had difficulty discriminating between unknown speakers of the same sex. A 4-choice spondee test in noise showed that all Subjects suffered from background noise. In all cases there was an improvement in lipreading ability with the implant. On a sentence test with a contextual cue, 7 Subjects got some words with sound alone. Results obtained with the multichannel implant were superior on several tasks, but too few Subjects were tested to allow firm conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 124. CONFERENCE PAPER Author: Morel, D.; Charachon, R.; Genin, J. Affiliation: Ctr Hospitalier Universitaire, Clinique Universitaire d'O. R. L., Grenoble, France. Title: Cochlear prosthesis: Clinical results. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium: Cochlear implants (1983, Paris, France). Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 1984 Suppl, v411:254-256. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Electrodes. Case Report. Lipreading. Articulation (Speech). Auditory Perception. Inflection. Adulthood. Professional Meetings and Symposia. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: CHORIMAC-12 multichannel electrode cochlear prosthesis, lipreading & articulation & speech modulation & noise identification, 38-54 yr old males with implants, conference presentation. Abstract: Presents case studies of 4 38-54 yr old males implanted since 1978 with the CHORIMAC-12, a multichannel electrode cochlear prosthesis. Results show that Subjects could identify familiar noises, control their voice loudness, and improve articulation, intonation, and lipreading. Without lipreading, Subjects discriminated several phonemes and words but did not achieve good intelligibility. A long training is necessary to improve discrimination using both cochlear prosthesis and lipreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 125. Author: Dodd, Barbara; Hobson, P.; Brasher, Jane; Campbell, Ruth. Affiliation: Macquarie U, Speech & Language Research Ctr, North Ryde, Australia. Title: Deaf children's short-term memory for lip-read, graphic and signed stimuli. Source: British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1983 Nov, v1 (n4):353-364. 30 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Short Term Memory. Recall (Learning). Lipreading. Serial Position Effect. Stimulus Presentation Methods. Articulation (Speech). Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Presentation of lip-read vs graphic vs signed stimuli, serial ordered recall, deaf 11-18 yr old good vs bad articulators vs normal hearing 12-16 yr olds. Abstract: In Exp I, 14 deaf and 14 normally hearing boys (ages 13-16 yrs) exhibited more recency in their recall of lip-read lists (LRLs) of digits than in their recall of graphically presented lists, indicating that such recency effects are not restricted to auditory perception or processing. Exp II studied the effects of phonological and nonphonological suffixes on 10 deaf good articulators' and 10 deaf poor articulators' (ages 11-18 yrs) recall of LRLs. The 2 groups performed identically, and whereas the phonological suffix impaired end-of-list recall, it did not affect recency. In Exp III, 10 deaf and 10 hearing Subjects (ages 12-16 yrs) exhibited enhanced accuracy of end-of-list recall for moving, as compared with static, hand signs. It is concluded that deaf and hearing Subjects did not differ in the way they remembered the visual stimuli presented, and that LRLs were coded phonologically by deaf Subjects, regardless of their articulatory skill. Further, movement features made an important contribution to enhanced recency effects in the recall of visually presented lists for both deaf and hearing Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 126. Author: Lucas, Sally A. Affiliation: Darlington Memorial Hosp, Speech Therapy Dept, England. Title: An investigation into the importance of lip-read information for phonologically deviant children. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1983 Sep, v6 (n3):342-343. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Therapy. Speech Disorders. School Age Children. Preschool Age Children. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Lip-read information, speech perception & imitation & improvement of auditory processing of speech sounds, phonologically deviant 5-7 yr olds. Abstract: Traditional speech therapy for phonologically deviant (PD) children concentrates on improving their auditory processing of speech sounds but ignores lip-read information. In the present study, PD children (aged 5-7 yrs) and 10 matched normal children completed speech-perception and speech-imitation tasks. Results indicate that PD Subjects performed more accurately on both tasks when lip-read information was available than when it was not. Ways in which therapy for PD children could incorporate lipreading are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 127. DISSERTATION Author: Diener, Don C. Affiliation: U Missouri, Columbia. Title: Waveform-envelope and frequency cues in the tactile perception of speech. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1983 Jun, v43 (n12-B):4176. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Displays. Tactual Perception. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Cues. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactile representations of speech having waveform-envelope information &/vs frequency information, facilitation of lipreading, artificially-deafened normal-hearing Subjects. 128. DISSERTATION Author: Jupiter, Tina. Affiliation: Columbia U. Title: Audiometric and speechreading correlates of hearing handicap in the elderly. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1983 May, v43 (n11-B):3527. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Aurally Handicapped. Speech and Hearing Measures. Self Report. Lipreading. Aged. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Audiometric vs self assessment of hearing handicaps & speechreading, hearing handicapped 65-90 yr olds. 129. DISSERTATION Author: Terrio, Leelen M. Affiliation: Florida State U. Title: Visual-tactual recognition of spoken English sentences. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1983 Mar, v43 (n9-B):2866. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Sentences. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Tactual Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactual stimulation, visual-tactual recognition of sentences, young adults. 130. Author: Samar, Vincent J.; Sims, Donald G. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf. Title: Visual evoked-response correlates of speechreading performance in normal-hearing adults: A replication and factor analytic extension. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1983 Mar, v26 (n1):2-9. 12 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Evoked Potentials. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual evoked responses & speechreading performance, 19-26 yr old normal hearing college students. Abstract: Investigated the relationship between the latency of the negative peak occurring at approximately 130 msec in the visual evoked-response (VER) and speechreading scores of 20 19-26 yr old students. A significant correlation between the measures was obtained, but it was weaker than that reported by D. C. Shepherd et al (see PA, Vol 60:10895). Analysis revealed a previously undiscovered early VER component, statistically independent of the latency measure that in combination with 2 other components predicted speechreading. An appendix that explains how to compute this new VER component is included. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 131. Author: Nataraja, N. P.; Ravishankar, K. C. Affiliation: All India Inst of Speech & Hearing, Mysore. Title: Visual recognition of sounds in Kannada. Source: Hearing Aid Journal, 1983 Jan-Jun, v3 (n4):13-16. 7 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: India. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Lipreading. Articulation (Speech). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visibility index of sounds based on identification of consonants & vowels, college students, India. Abstract: Produced a visibility index of sounds based on the identification by 15 undergraduates of 19 consonants and 5 vowels presented audiovisually and then only visually. Results suggest that substantial information regarding the sounds was available through the visual channel. Consonants were categorized visually by their place of articulation and voicing. Nasality features were not perceived visually. Alveolar and palatal sounds were the most difficult sounds to recognize visually. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 132. Author: Brooke, N. M.; Summerfield, Quentin. Affiliation: U Lancaster, England. Title: Analysis, synthesis, and perception of visible articulatory movements. Source: Journal of Phonetics, 1983 Jan, v11 (n1):63-76. 27 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Visual Perception. Synthetic Speech. Speech Perception. Computer Simulation. Articulation (Speech). Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Analysis. Methodology. Key phrase: Procedure for measurement & analysis of visible articulatory movements & description of video speech synthesizer, visual speech perception. Abstract: Reviews attempts to develop analogous facilities for studying the perception of visible, facial, articulatory movements in lipreading. A new approach involving interrelated procedures for measuring, modeling, and animating displays of a talking face with computer graphics is described, along with a prototypic perceptual experiment. Results suggest that the important visible properties of point vowels may not be fully captured by descriptions of vertical jaw movements, horizontal and vertical oral opening, and lip shape, even when vowels are spoken carefully. Additional cues, probably involving the visibility of the teeth and tongue tip, appear to be required for accurate identification. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 133. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker; Ohngren, G.; Nilsson, L.-G. Affiliation: Umea U, Psykologiska Inst, Sweden. Title: Speechreading performance evaluated by means of TV and real-life presentation: A comparison between a normally hearing, moderately and profoundly hearing-impaired group. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1983, v12 (n1):71-77. 10 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Television. Stimulus Presentation Methods. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: TV vs real-life presentation & length of list & type of material, speech reading performance, moderately vs profoundly hearing impaired vs normally hearing adults. Abstract: Investigated speechreading performance as a function of TV vs real-life presentation. List length and type of material was also manipulated as well as degree of hearing handicap: 10 normal hearing, 10 moderately impaired, and 10 profoundly hearing-impaired adults served as Subjects. Results show that type of group and presentation medium interact. The impaired groups performed worse on 4-item lists with TV presentation, while a real life presentation facilitated performance of those groups relative to the normal group. The groups were divided into 1 superior and 1 inferior subgroup. Results of post hoc analysis showed that this skill factor interacted in several ways with type of medium for presentation and type of material, the 4-item list provoking a larger number of interactions than the longer 7-item lists. It is concluded that the memory factor imposed by longer lists and the skill factor constitute 2 basic factors that must be taken into account in the evaluation and training of speechreading performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 134. Author: Williams, Ann. Affiliation: Kennedy Child Study Ctr, New York, NY. Title: The relationship between two visual communication systems: Reading and lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Dec, v25 (n4):500-503. 17 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Reading Ability. Reading Comprehension. Lipreading. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Reading & lipreading ability & comprehension strategies, female high school students. Abstract: 60 female junior and sophomore high school students (30 good and 30 poor readers) were given a filmed lipreading test, a test to measure eye-voice span, a test of cloze ability, and a test of their ability to comprehend printed material presented 1 word at a time in the absence of an opportunity to regress or scan ahead. Results indicate that (1) there was a significant relationship between reading and lipreading ability; (2) although good readers were either good or poor lipreaders, poor readers were more likely to be poor than good lipreaders; (3) there were similarities in the strategies used by readers and lipreaders in their approach to comprehending spoken and written material; (4) word-by-word reading of continuous prose appeared to be a salient characteristic of both poor reading and poor lipreading ability; and (5) good readers and lipreaders did not engage in word-by-word reading but used a combination of visual and linguistic cues to interpret written and spoken messages. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 135. Author: Dowell, Richard C.; and others. Affiliation: U Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hosp, Australia. Title: A 12-consonant confusion study on a multiple-channel cochlear implant patient. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Dec, v25 (n4):509-516. 20 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Apparatus. Lipreading. Electrical Stimulation. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Treatment. Key phrase: Lipreading &/vs electrical stimulation using wearable speech processor & multiple-channel cochlear implant, perception of consonants in VCV context, 49 yr old male with total bilateral deafness. Abstract: A 49-yr-old man, suffering from total bilateral deafness acquired postlingually, was presented with the consonants /b/, /p/, /m/, /v/, /f/, /d/, /t/, /n/, /z/, /s/, /g/, and /k/ in a VCV context with the vowel /a/ as in "father" by a male and female speaker under 3 conditions: lipreading alone, electrical stimulation alone using the wearable speech processor and multiple-channel cochlear implant, and lipreading in conjunction with electrical stimulation. No significant difference was detected between the results for the male and female speakers. The percentage correct scores for the pooled results of both speakers were lipreading alone, 30%; electrical stimulation alone, 48%; lipreading with electrical stimulation, 70%. Performance was significantly better for lipreading with electrical stimulation than for lipreading alone and for electrical stimulation alone than for lipreading alone. An information transmission analysis demonstrated the effective integration of visual and auditory information for lipreading with electrical stimulation. There was a significant improvement in performance for the electrical stimulation alone condition over the 2 mo of the study in contrast to no such improvement for lipreading alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 136. Author: Lesner, Sharon A.; Hardick, Edward J. Affiliation: U Akron, Speech & Hearing Ctr. Title: An investigation of spontaneous eye blinks during lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Dec, v25 (n4):517-520. 12 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Attention. Eyeblink Reflex. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Spontaneous eyeblinks & blink suppression during lipreading, graduate & college students, implication for relationship between attention & blink rate. Abstract: Conducted a study that presented a videotaped recording of 20 sentences and a 948-word passage to 30 graduate and undergraduate students. Blinks were recorded by EOG on 1 channel of a chart recorder while the audio correlate of the visual message was recorded simultaneously on the 2nd channel. A comparison of the 2 records indicated that blink suppression occurred while Subjects lipread compared to time when no visual information was presented. The data also show that (a) Subjects tended to blink during the visual pauses that occurred while the passage was being presented and (b) better lipreaders blinked less frequently than did poorer lipreaders. Results are examined in relation to the hypothesis that attention and blink rate are inversely related. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 137. Author: Benguerel, Andre-Pierre; Pichora-Fuller, Margaret K. Affiliation: U British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Vancouver, Canada. Title: Coarticulation effects in lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Dec, v25 (n4):600-607. 33 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Contextual Associations. Articulation (Speech). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Phonetic context & articulatory parameters resulting from coarticulatory effects, lipreading performance, hearing impaired 16-36 yr olds. Abstract: Five normal-hearing females aged 22-31 yrs and 5 hearing-impaired 16-36 yr olds with good lipreading skills lipread videotaped material under visual-only conditions. V-sub-1CV-sub-2 utterances were used where V could be /i/, /ae/, or /u/ and C could be 1 of 9 consonants. Coarticulatory effects were present in these stimuli. The influence of phonetic context on lipreading scores for each V and C was analyzed in an effort to explain some of the variability in the visual perception of phonemes, which was suggested by existing literature. Transmission of information for 4 phonetic features was also analyzed. Lipreading performance was nearly perfect for /p/, /f/, /w/, and /u/. Lipreading performance on the other consonants and /i/ and /ae/ depended on context. The features labial, rounded, and alveolar or palatal place of articulation transmitted more information to lipreaders than did the feature continuant. Variability in articulatory parameters resulting from coarticulatory effects appears to increase overall lipreading difficulty. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 138. Author: Easton, Randolph D.; Basala, Marylu. Affiliation: Boston Coll. Title: Perceptual dominance during lipreading. Source: Perception & Psychophysics, 1982 Dec, v32 (n6):562-570. 25 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Perceptual Discrimination. Auditory Stimulation. Visual Stimulation. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Discrepant auditory vs visual information, lipreading, college students. Abstract: Conducted 2 experiments under visual-only and visual/auditory discrepancy conditions (dubs) to assess observers' abilities to read speech information on a face. In Exp I with 6 control and 40 experimental Subjects, identification and multiple choice testing were used. In addition, the relation between visual and auditory phonetic information was manipulated and related to perceptual bias. In Exp II with 60 undergraduates, the "compellingness" of the visual/auditory discrepancy as a single speech event was manipulated. Subjects also rated the confidence they had that their perception of the lipped word was accurate. Results indicate that competing visual information exerted little effect on auditory speech recognition, but visual speech recognition was substantially interfered with when discrepant auditory information was present. The extent of auditory bias was related to the abilities of Subjects to read speech under nondiscrepancy conditions, the magnitude of the visual/auditory discrepancy, and the compellingness of the discrepancy as a single event. Auditory bias during speech was a moderately compelling conscious experience and not simply a case of confused responding or guessing. Results are discussed in terms of current models or perceptual dominance and related to results from modality discordance during space perception. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 139. Author: Bannister, Marcia L.; Britten, C. Frederick. Affiliation: Ft Hays State U. Title: Linguistically based speechreading assessment. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders, 1982 Nov, v15 (n6):475-479. 6 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Construction. Test Reliability. Test Validity. Cues. Linguistics. Videotapes. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Design & reliability & validity of videotaped speechreading test, assessment of effective use of linguistic constraints in response to spoken language via visual pathways, college students. Abstract: Designed a videotaped speechreading test, Eyes and Spoken Language, to assess how effectively a person uses linguistic constraints in responding to spoken language via the visual pathway. Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were established with the responses of 68 non-hearing-impaired undergraduates. A significant learning effect was demonstrated from one administration to another 2 wks later. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 140. Author: Campbell, Ruth; Dodd, Barbara. Affiliation: U London, University Coll, England. Title: Some suffix effects on lipread lists. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1982 Sep, v36 (n3):508-514. 6 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Verbal Learning. Interference (Learning). Recall (Learning). Lipreading. Articulation (Speech). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipread vs protruding tongue vs heard suffix, lipread number recall, college students. Abstract: Investigated the effects of a lip-read (silent) and a protruding tongue suffix, as well as a heard suffix, on lip-read number recall; Subjects were 15 undergraduates. Only a heard suffix specifically disturbed lip-read recency; the lip-read suffix exerted an effect through the list with no recency specific detriment, and the tongue suffix reduced primacy. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 141. Author: Reed, Charlotte M.; Doherty, Mary J.; Braida, Louis D.; Durlach, Nathaniel I. Affiliation: Massachusetts Inst of Technology. Title: Analytic study of the Tadoma method: Further experiments with inexperienced observers. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Jun, v25 (n2):216-223. 13 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Deaf. Sentence Comprehension. Blind. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Speechreading through Tadoma method, identification of consonants & vowels & sentence comprehension, inexperienced Os in simulation of blindness & deafness. Abstract: Conducted 2 studies of speechreading through the Tadoma method using normal Subjects with simulated deafness and blindness. In Exp I, 2 Subjects received training on the identification of consonant and vowel stimuli through Tadoma. In posttraining tests, an average score of 73% was obtained on a set of 24 consonants presented in CV syllables, and an average score of 82% was obtained on a set of 15 vowels and diphthongs. In Exp II, 1 Subject from Exp I and a new Subject received training through Tadoma on comprehension of sentences. In tests for which sentence stimuli were repeated until a correct response was obtained, Subjects identified an average of 30% of the words correctly on the 1st presentation and required an average of 4 presentations for complete identification of the stimulus. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 142. Author: Nicholls, Gaye H.; Ling, Daniel. Affiliation: McGill U, School of Human Communication Disorders, Montreal, Canada. Title: Cued speech and the reception of spoken language. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Jun, v25 (n2):262-269. 22 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Cues. Rehabilitation. Verbal Communication. School Age Children. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Speech stimuli presented through audition &/vs lipreading &/vs cues, speech reception & production, profoundly hearing impaired 9.2-16.9 yr olds, implications for aural rehabilitation. Abstract: Investigated the effect of cued speech on the speech reception abilities of 18 profoundly hearing-impaired children (aged 9.2-16.9 yrs) under 7 conditions of presentation: audition; lipreading; audition and lipreading; cues; audition and cues; lipreading and cues; and audition, lipreading, and cues. Subjects had been taught through the use of cued speech for at least 4 yrs. Subjects were presented with specially designed speech tests (syllables and key words in sentences) that had been recorded on color videotape, and they responded in writing. Speech reception scores of over 95% with the key word in sentence materials and over 80% with the syllables were obtained with lipreading plus cues, and with audition and lipreading plus cues. Subjects also demonstrated the ability to use audition with the sentence materials, both in combination with lipreading and with cues. Speech reception abilities in the lipreading-plus-audition condition were highly correlated with scores for speech production, whereas language attainments were correlated with reception through cued speech. Implications for aural rehabilitation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 143. Author: Teigland, Arne D.; Wilson, Wesley R. Affiliation: Moorhead State U, MN. Title: Visual backward masking of selected visemes. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Jun, v25 (n2):269-274. 20 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Visual Masking. Stimulus Intervals. Stimulus Duration. Visual Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Duration & variability of lip postures & masking stimuli & delay of masker, backward recognition masking of visemes & perceptual processes in speechreading, 18-21 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated the backward masking of certain facial postures of short duration by another facial posture. Five adults (aged 18-21 yrs) with normal hearing and vision viewed tachistoscopically projected photographs of a talker uttering 6 phonemes. Exp I determined discrimination of the visemes as a function of exposure duration (12-44 msec) and demonstrated that recognition of certain lip postures was a direct function of duration, whereas for other postures duration appeared to interact with other variables. In Exp II, fixed duration stimuli (17 msec) were followed immediately by a variable duration masking stimulus (12-45 msec), and in Exp III the test stimuli varied (22-52 msec) and the masking stimulus was fixed (45 msec). Results show that under both conditions, test stimuli were masked when the masker was at least as long as the test stimuli. In Exp IV, the test stimuli and masking stimulus were held constant (15 msec and 45 msec, respectively) while a variable (7-37 msec) interstimulus interval was interposed. Delaying the masker did not improve recognition scores. It is concluded that (a) lip postures are subject to backward recognition masking and the effect varies in degree; (b) the processing of lip postures begins with a short-term storage of the posture; and (c) the initial stage of perceptual processing requires more than 37 msec. To the extent that this task parallels the speechreading process, the results do not support training procedures based at the level of single visemes. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 144. Author: Kricos, Patricia B.; Lesner, Sharon A. Affiliation: U Florida, Gainesville. Title: Differences in visual intelligibility across talkers. Source: Volta Review, 1982 May, v84 (n4):219-225. 11 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Consonants. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual intelligibility in lipreading, normally hearing 18-23 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated whether different talkers, all with normal articulation and auditory intelligibility, present the same type of visible consonant articulation to a group of lipreaders. Six female graduate students representing a range of ease in being lipread, as determined by the Utley Test of Lipreading Ability, were talkers for the experimental task. 12 normally hearing adults (aged 18-23 yrs) lipread syllables and sentences spoken by each talker. Visible consonant categories were inferred for each talker through the use of a hierarchical clustering analysis. Results indicate that the number and nature of consonant visemes varied across talkers and were related to the talkers' sentence and intelligibility. It is suggested that teachers and clinicians evaluate and train lipreading skills using a variety of talkers, and that they objectively assess their own intelligibility through lipreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 145. Author: de Filippo, Carol L. Affiliation: National Technical Inst for the Deaf, Rochester, NY. Title: Memory for articulated sequences and lipreading performance of hearing-impaired observers. Source: Volta Review, 1982 Apr, v84 (n3):134-146. 29 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Memory. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Memory & lipreading performance, hearing impaired 11-16 & 23-59 yr olds. Abstract: Measured lipreading performance and examined its relation to memory for visible speech events. 23 11-16 yr old and 16 23-59 yr old hearing-impaired Subjects viewed silent videotapes of a talker speaking syllables or sentences, alone and in sequences. Discrimination/identification responses required lipreading, memory, or both. Multiple regression and factor analysis identified the memory factor as a separate predictive attribute. Results suggest the use of sequence-memory training with articulatory shapes for lipreading instruction. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 146. Author: Hack, Zarita C.; Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst for the Deaf, St Louis, MO. Title: Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual perception of vowels by hearing-impaired children. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1982 Mar, v25 (n1):100-107. 28 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Auditory Perception. Visual Perception. Vowels. Speech Perception. Lipreading. School Age Children. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Auditory &/vs visual modalities & level of word recognition skills, vowel identification, hearing impaired 12.6-15.8 yr olds. Abstract: Presented vowels through auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual modalities to 18 hearing-impaired children (12 yrs 7 mo to 15 yrs 10 mo old) having good, intermediate, and poor auditory word-recognition skills. When they received acoustic information only, Subjects with good word-recognition skills confused neighboring vowels (i.e., those having similar formant frequencies). Subjects with intermediate word-recognition skills demonstrated this same difficulty and confused front and back vowels. Subjects with poor word-recognition skills identified vowels mainly on the basis of temporal and intensity cues. Through lipreading alone, all 3 groups distinguished spread from rounded vowels but could not reliably identify vowels within the categories. The 1st 2 groups exhibited only moderate difficulty in identifying vowels audiovisually. The 3rd group, although showing a small amount of improvement over lipreading alone, still experienced difficulty in identifying vowels though combined auditory and visual modes. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 147. Author: Czerska-Jurkowska, Miroslawa. Affiliation: Higher School of Special Pedagogy, Warsaw, Poland. Title: Czynniki psychologiczne warunkujace odczytywanie mowy z ust. / Psychological factors affecting lip-reading. Source: Psychologia Wychowawcza, 1982 Mar, v25 (n2):157-166. 47 references. Language: Polish. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Psychodynamics. Personality Correlates. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Psychodynamics & personality factors, lipreading, deaf persons. Abstract: Reviews studies on the conditioning factors of lip-reading, taking into consideration the following group of variables: intellectual functioning, orientational-cognitive processes, special abilities (linguistic), and personality traits. Disagreement in the findings of various authors is noted. The need is stressed for a complex and theoretically deepened approach to the subject. (English & Russian abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 148. Author: Ronnberg, J.; Ohngren, G.; Nilsson, Lars-Goran. Affiliation: Umea U, Psykologiska Inst, Sweden. Title: Hearing deficiency, speechreading and memory functions. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1982, v11 (n4):261-268. 30 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Onset (Disorders). Recall (Learning). Memory. Verbal Stimuli. Visual Stimulation. Lipreading. Adults. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Onset of deafness in adulthood, recall of visually presented verbal information & speechreading performance, deaf 23-59 yr olds. Abstract: Determined how deafness, acquired at an adult age, affects Subjects' capacities to memorize and recall visually presented verbal information and how this ability affects speechreading performance. 12 23-59 yr old deaf and 12 20-60 yr old normal hearing Subjects participated in the study. The deaf Subjects, who had acquired their handicap as adults, exhibited superior recall performance for recency items (short-term memory items) of a list of visually presented words compared to the normal group. Current models of memory and modality effects were unable to handle both recall and output order data. Instead, it is argued that the notion of visual skills, being supportive of remembering, had the largest explanatory power. Speechreading did not differ between groups. Correlations between type of speechreading test, skill in speechreading, and memory performance are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 149. Author: Ling, Daniel; and others. Affiliation: McGill U, School of Human Communication Disorders, Montreal, Canada. Title: Syllable reception by hearing-impaired children trained from infancy in auditory-oral programs. Source: Volta Review, 1981 Dec, v83 (n7):451-457. 10 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Syllables. School Age Children. Rehabilitation. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Unisensory auditory-oral program, syllable identification under audition &/vs lipreading conditions, hearing impaired 8-16 yr olds. Abstract: Evaluated syllable reception in 24 8-16 yr old hearing-impaired Subjects (mean hearing level = 102 db) who had been trained from early infancy in "unisensory" auditory-oral programs that required them to use residual hearing exclusively during part of each training session. Identification responses to videotaped syllables were obtained under 3 conditions: audition alone (A), lipreading alone, and a combination of the 2 (AL). Under both the A and AL conditions, Subjects' performance was superior to that previously reported for profoundly hearing-impaired children trained in schools in which a "multisensory" approach is typically used. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 150. Author: Green, Walter B.; Green, Kathleen W.; Holmes, David W. Affiliation: Ithaca Coll. Title: Growth of speechreading proficiency in young hearing-impaired children. Source: Volta Review, 1981 Oct-Nov, v83 (n6):389-393. 3 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Special Education. Phrases. Lipreading. Aurally Handicapped. Words (Phonetic Units). Sentences. Kindergarten Students. Elementary School Students. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Improvement in speechreading performance for words vs sentences vs phrases, hearing impaired 4-8 yr olds. Abstract: Assessed change in the speechreading performance of 33 4-8 yr old hearing-impaired children over 1 academic year. Pre- and posttesting with the Diagnostic Test of Speechreading revealed significant improvement in speechreading scores for words and sentences, with no improvement for phrases. It is suggested that intelligibility of phrases is related to their function as linguistic units, rather than to the intelligibility of constituent words. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 151. Author: Blager, Florence B.; Alpiner, Jerome G. Affiliation: U Colorado Health Sciences Ctr, Denver. Title: Correlation between visual-spatial ability and speechreading. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders, 1981 Jul, v14 (n4):331-339. 15 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Visual Perception. Partially Hearing Impaired. Speech Therapy. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual-spatial ability & speech reading, college students, implications for rehabilitation of hearing impaired. Abstract: Reviewed evidence indicating that the ability to speechread correlates with visual-spatial perceptual processing abilities. 36 undergraduates were administered a lipreading test, J. Utley's (1946) speechreading test, and the Minnesota Paper Form Board Test, Revised (MPFBT-R). Results show a significant correlation between the MPFBT-R and the ability to speechread words. Since the use of a static visual image correlated with the ability to speechread words, the ability to read connected speech is seen to correlate with a kinetic visual-perceptual stimulus. It is suggested that individual differences in visual-perceptual processing abilities is a significant factor in explaining the ease of difficulty experienced by the hearing impaired to learn speechreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 152. DISSERTATION Author: Gammel, Charles L. Affiliation: U Southern Mississippi. Title: The effects on speechreading performance of profoundly hearing-impaired children when a vibrotactile signal is provided to their fingertips. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1981 May, v41 (n11-B):4056-4057. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Tactual Stimulation. Preschool Age Children. School Age Children. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Vibrotactile signal to fingertips, speechreading performance, profoundly hearing impaired 5.3-13.9 yr olds. 153. Author: Rosen, Stuart M.; Fourcin, A. J.; Moore, Brian C. Affiliation: U London, University Coll, England. Title: Voice pitch as an aid to lipreading. Source: Nature, 1981 May, v291 (n5811):150-152. 21 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Pitch. Intersensory Processes. Lipreading. Hearing Aids. Hearing Disorders. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Acoustic presentation of voice pitch, lipreading speed, adults, implications for hearing aid design. Abstract: Demonstrated that with the voice pitch presented acoustically, normal adult listeners could lipread an adult speaker reading a continuous text at up to 21/2 times the rate possible on the basis of lipreading alone. The pitch signal by itself was completely unintelligible. Although this work is primarily concerned with methods of electrical stimulation of the cochlea, it has implications for other sensory substitution techniques, the design of special purpose hearing aids, and current theories of speech perception. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 154. DISSERTATION Author: de Filippo, Carol L. Affiliation: Washington U, MO. Title: Memory for articulated sequences and lipreading performance of deaf observers. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1981 Feb, v41 (n8-A):2523-3524. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Memory. Sentences. School Age Children. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Memory for articulated sentences & lipreading performance, deaf 11-16 & 23-59 yr olds. 155. DISSERTATION Author: Rosen, Jeanette K. Affiliation: Macquarie U, North Ryde, Australia. Title: Audiological and non-audiological correlates of acquired hearing impairment in an adult population. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1981 Jan, v41 (n7-B):2549. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Demographic Characteristics. Aurally Handicapped. Hearing Disorders. Hearing Aids. Prognosis. Vertigo. Tinnitus. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Demographic characteristics & age of onset of hearing impairment & tinnitus & vertigo & hearing aid use & lipreading ability, prognosis of handicap, 16-65 year olds with postlinguistically acquired hearing impairment. 156. Author: Dodd, Barbara. Affiliation: MRC Developmental Psychology Unit, London, England. Title: Interaction of auditory and visual information in speech perception. Source: British Journal of Psychology, 1980 Nov, v71 (n4):541-549. 27 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Human Information Storage. Auditory Stimulation. Visual Stimulation. Deaf. Blind. Lipreading. School Age Children. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Stored auditory vs visual information, unimodal speech perception, prelingually deaf vs hearing & congenitally blind vs sighted 9-15 yr olds. Abstract: Two experiments investigated the role of stored auditory and visual information for unimodal speech perception tasks. Results of Exp I with 12 prelingually deaf 14-15 yr olds and 12 hearing 9-11 yr olds show that hearing Subjects performed better than deaf Subjects on a lip-reading task, possibly because they could supplement lip-read stimuli with stored information derived from the auditory modality. Exp II with 10 congenitally blind 11-15 yr olds and 16 sighted 9-10 yr olds demonstrated that sighted Subjects did not use stored visual information to supplement an auditory input when deleting mispronunciations, since their performance did not differ from that of blind Subjects. The processing of visual (lip-read) information in speech perception is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 157. Author: Dalgleish, Barrie. Affiliation: U Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Title: Communicative experience and visually derived concepts: The acquisition of the concept of symmetry by oral and signing deaf and hearing children. Source: British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 1980 May, v15 (n1):9-17. 17 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Concept Learning. Deaf. Sign Language. Lipreading. Visual Discrimination. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Skills of visual analysis used in concept formation, lip reading vs signing deaf vs normal hearing 8-12 yr olds. Abstract: H. G. Furth's (see PA, Vol 37:1617) demonstration that nonlinguistic, visually derived skills established through everyday experience are adequate for concept formation rested on the superior or normal performance by deaf children on sameness and symmetry discrimination tests. The present study investigated whether the skills of visual analysis (SVA) used in concept formation are derived from skills established when decoding communications. 20 deaf signers, 20 deaf lip-readers, and 20 normal-hearing children (all 8-12 yrs of age) were given a symmetry test with goodness-of-figure cues controlled, an independent measure of visual analytic skills, and the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM). All groups were equivalent on symmetry discrimination, suggesting that Furth's young deaf Subjects had benefited from good figure cues. The deaf groups were also equivalent on the CPM, but the hearing group was superior. The tests proved to be uncorrelated. It is concluded that the skills acquired through sign decoding and lip-reading, if developmentally related to concept formation, provide an equivalent basis, and that a wider range of tests would be useful for demonstrating differential SVAs and drawing conclusions on the origins of general conceptual abilities. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 158. DISSERTATION Author: Berliner, Karen I. Affiliation: Claremont University Ctr. Title: Individual differences in speechreading ability: Cognitive variables. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1980 Mar, v40 (n9-B):4528. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cognitive Ability. Deaf. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Cognitive ability, lipreading performance, normal hearing vs deaf adults. 159. DISSERTATION Author: Ogden, Paul W. Affiliation: U Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Title: Experiences and attitudes of oral deaf adults regarding oralism. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1980 Feb, v40 (n8-A):4531. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Special Education. Lipreading. Mainstreaming (Educational). Adults. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Attitudes. Key phrase: Attitudes & experiences with oralism & oral training, oral deaf adults. 160. Author: Campbell, Ruth; Dodd, Barbara. Affiliation: U Reading, England. Title: Hearing by eye. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1980 Feb, v32 (n1):85-99. 30 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Short Term Memory. Comprehension. Recall (Learning). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Asynchrony between speech & lip movements, short term coding & recall of lip read information, hearing Subjects. Abstract: Three experiments with 46 Subjects investigated the nature of short term coding of lip read (LR) information in hearing Subjects. The 1st experiment used asynchronous visual and auditory information and showed that an Subject's ability to repeat words, when heard speech lagged lip movements, was unaffected by the lag duration, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This suggests that LR information is immediately recoded into a durable code. An experiment on serial recall of LR items showed a serial position curve containing a recency effect (characteristic of auditory input). It was then shown that an auditory suffix diminishes the recency effect obtained with LR stimuli. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that seen speech, that is not heard, is encoded into a durable code that has some shared properties with heard speech. Results of the serial recall experiments are inconsistent with interpretations of the recency and suffix effects in terms of precategorical acoustic storage, for they demonstrate that recency and suffix effects can be supramodal. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 161. DISSERTATION Author: Neef, Nancy A. Affiliation: Western Michigan U. Title: An evaluation of cued speech training on lipreading performance in deaf persons. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1979 Dec, v40 (n6-B):2851-2852. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Teaching Methods. Cues. Lipreading. Deaf. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Cued speech teaching method of lipreading, lipreading performance, deaf students. 162. Author: Grove, C.; O'Sullivan, F. D.; Rodda, M. Affiliation: Mt Allison U, Sackville, Canada. Title: Communication and language in severely deaf adolescents. Source: British Journal of Psychology, 1979 Nov, v70 (n4):531-540. 24 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Communication Skills. Sign Language. Lipreading. Verbal Communication. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Oral & total communication systems, language comprehension, deaf 16-21 yr olds. Abstract: A psychological effect of early severe or profound deafness is an impairment in natural language-processing ability, with a consequent reduction in communicative skill secondary to the sensory deficit. Prelingual damage blocks the development of certain sequential/syntactical skills necessary for the acquisition of normal linguistic competence. Educators of the deaf in the United Kingdom have attempted to improve linguistic ability using amplification and intensive training in lip-reading, but evidence suggests that communication systems based upon manual signing are more productive of both linguistic and basic cognitive skills. The present paper reports an experimental study of the communicative characteristics of both oral and total communication systems as a function of language structure. 26 16-21 yr olds were administered the Test of Communication Skills. For almost all types of structure investigated, the total system was the more effective method of communication. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 163. Author: Dodd, Barbara. Affiliation: MRC Developmental Psychology Unit, London, England. Title: Lip reading in infants: Attention to speech presented in- and out-of-synchrony. Source: Cognitive Psychology, 1979 Oct, v11 (n4):478-484. 18 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Attention. Auditory Stimulation. Visual Stimulation. Stimulus Presentation Methods. Intersensory Processes. Infants. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Synchrony vs asynchrony between lip movements & speech sounds, attendance to stimuli, 10-16 wk olds. Abstract: 12 10-16-wk-old infants were presented with nursery rhymes spoken with speech sounds and lip movements in and out of synchrony by 400 msec. Two observers measured the amount of time the Subjects did not attend to the 2 types of stimuli. Results show that the Subjects attended significantly less to the out-of-synchrony presentation than to the in-synchrony presentation. This finding is interpreted as an indication that young infants are aware of the congruence between lip movements and speech sounds. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 164. DISSERTATION Author: Argila, Carl A. Affiliation: U Santo Tomas, Manila, Phillipines. Title: A computer simulation of lip-reading. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1979 Oct, v40 (n4-A):1997. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Computer Simulation. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Computer simulation of lipreading. 165. Author: Johnson, C. Merle; Kaye, James H. Affiliation: Central Michigan U. Title: Behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1979 Aug, v49 (n1):171-180. 22 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Positive Reinforcement. Behavioral Contrast. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Token reinforcement, behavioral contrast in acquisition of speechreading, hearing impaired 10-12 yr olds. Abstract: Two 10-12 yr old hearing-impaired children were taught to speechread the names of 18 objects divided into 3 sets. A multiple baseline across sets of objects was obtained for each S. Tokens presented contingent upon correct responses to certain sets of names increased the frequencies of those correct responses. Both Subjects exhibited positive behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading; correct responses to 1 set increased above the previously established level when the contingencies for a 2nd set changed from token reinforcement to extinction. The obtained contrast effect was conducive to learning, and the procedure was effective in teaching Subjects to speechread the training words. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 166. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst for the Deaf, St Louis, MO. Title: Auditory-visual perception of speech with reduced optical clarity. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1979 Jun, v22 (n2):212-223. 25 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Auditory Perception. Visual Perception. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Illusions (Perception). Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Optical distortion, visual & auditory-visual perception of speech, normal adults vs hearing impaired children. Abstract: Optical cues for visual and auditory-visual (AV) perception of speech were varied by placing a sheet of rough-surfaced Plexiglas between talker and lipreader and systematically changing the distance between Plexiglas and talker. In 3 studies with 2 normal-hearing adults and 14 hearing-impaired children, speech (words, sentences) was presented live under different degrees of optical distortion, and observers attempted to identify the stimuli. Visual-alone (lipreading) scores dropped abruptly to the chance level as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. AV scores were relatively high for clear conditions but diminished gradually as Plexiglas distance was increased. Under extremely poor optical conditions, AV scores reached a plateau. This is seen as an instance of auditory perception without meaningful optical cues for speech. Results parallel those of previous acoustic studies that compared auditory with AV perception of speech as a function of signal-to-noise ratio or sensation level and demonstrated a reciprocal aspect of optical and acoustic cues for speech perception. Optical distortion seems to have potential as a technique to shift attention of hearing-impaired observers to nondominant acoustic cues during AV perception of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 167. Author: Wozniak-Kaelin, Virginia D.; Jackson, Pamela L. Affiliation: Physical Therapy Speech & Hearing Ctr, Homewood, IL. Title: Visual vowel and diphthong perception from two horizontal viewing angles. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1979 Jun, v22 (n2):354-365. 20 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vowels. Lipreading. Consonants. Visual Perception. Spatial Orientation (Perception). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Horizontal viewing angle, visual vowel & diphthong lipreading perception, normal hearing adults. Abstract: 16 English vowels and diphthongs were placed in an /h-g/ context, and each item was presented by a speaker 10 times in random order for a total of 160 items. The speaker was simultaneously videotaped from 0Deg. and 90Deg. angles under optimal lighting conditions. 10 normal hearing adults phonetically recorded the vowel or diphthong they perceived as each item was visually presented. The diphthong stimuli were significantly easier to identify than the vowel stimuli at both angles of observation. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 0Deg. and the 90Deg. angles in terms of percentage of correct identifications of all phonemes examined. Orderly, predictable confusions also were observed. Those confusions occurring in visual diphthong recognition tended to shift toward the stressed vowel element of the diphthong or to a vowel produced in a manner similar to the stressed element. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 168. Author: Markides, Andreas. Affiliation: U Manchester, England. Title: Speechreading (lipreading). Source: Child Care, Health & Development, 1979 Jan-Feb, v5 (n1):93-101. 25 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: History & learner & speaker & environmental variables, lipreading. Abstract: Discusses the historical background of lipreading. Major variables involved in the learning of lipreading are noted and may be divided into verbal and nonverbal factors. Important speaker variables include visibility, rate of speech, lip movement, and sex of the speaker. Learner variables include the visual acuity of the lipreader and his or her motivation, age, intelligence, training, degree of hearing loss, and sex. Environmental factors which influence lipreading include distance, lighting, and distractions. Lipreading methods are listed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1979 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 169. Author: Nigam, J. C. Affiliation: All India Inst of Medical Sciences, Unit in Audiology & Speech Pathology, New Delhi. Title: Language learning through speech reading. Source: Hearing Aid Journal, 1979 Jan, v1 (n4):29-32. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Language Development. Lipreading. Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Speech reading & lipreading, language acquisition, deaf children. Abstract: Argues that deaf children's greatest need is the acquisition of language and that their sensory modalities must be trained in such a manner that they can learn to perceive things easily and thus substitute for their hearing handicap. How and when to train deaf children in speech reading and general and specific lip-reading are discussed. Exercises for training them to better discriminate shapes, sizes, and colors, and precautions to be taken before starting a lip-reading program are presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 170. Author: Shoop, Cynthia; Binnie, C. A. Affiliation: Purdue U, West Lafayette. Title: The effects of age upon the visual perception of speech. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1979, v8 (n1):3-8. 11 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Visual Perception. Sentence Comprehension. Syllables. Age Differences. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Age, visual perception of speech for CV syllables vs sentences, 40-87 yr olds with normal hearing & vision. Abstract: 110 middle-aged and geriatric Subjects (aged 40-87 yrs) with normal hearing and vision were selected from the general population to compare visual performance for CV syllables and sentences. Results reveal that above age 70, age was a factor affecting visual perception of syllables. Subjects above 70 had the poorest speechreading scores and were inconsistent in viseme categorization. Results of a comparison of speechreading scores for sentences and syllables revealed a greater number of differences among sentences. Only Subjects between 40 and 60 yrs of age received statistically similar mean scores when presented with common sentences. Using a linear regression model, it was found that sentence speechreading performance could be accurately predicted from the CV syllable score within a range of accuracy of +-9.7%. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 171. Author: Denmark, John C. Affiliation: Whittingham Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, Preston, England. Title: Early profound deafness and mental retardation. Source: British Journal of Mental Subnormality, 1978 Dec, v24 (n47)):81-89. 6 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Mental Retardation. Language Development. Speech Development. Manual Communication. Lipreading. Special Education. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Relationship between prelingual profound deafness & mental retardation & role of manual vs oral communication, development of speech & language, illustrative case histories. Abstract: The difficulties of speech and language development for the prelingually profoundly deaf child are explained, and arguments are made for the use of manual communications methods (i.e., finger spelling and sign language) in the education of deaf children. The relationship of prelingual profound deafness to mental retardation is discussed, and 6 case histories are presented demonstrating successful treatment of deaf people, most of whom were found not to be retarded, which was originally suspected in some cases. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 172. Author: MacDonald, John; McGurk, Harry. Affiliation: U Surrey, England. Title: Visual influences on speech perception processes. Source: Perception & Psychophysics, 1978 Sep, v24 (n3):253-257. 12 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Lipreading. Visual Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual observation of speaker's lip movements, modification of natural speech perception, normally hearing Subjects. Abstract: Results of an experiment with 44 university students confirm and extend H. McGurk and J. McDonald's (1976) observation that visual information from the speaker's lip movements profoundly modifies the auditory perception of natural speech by normally hearing Subjects. The effect was most pronounced when there was auditory information for a bilabial utterance combined with visual information for a nonlabial utterance. However, the effect was also obtained with the reverse combination, although to a lesser extent. These findings are considered for their relevance to auditory theories of speech perception. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 173. DISSERTATION Author: Brooks, Ronald W. Affiliation: U Kansas. Title: The differential effectiveness among auditory, visual, and auditory-visual presentations of material to be learned by hearing impaired children. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978 Jun, v38 (n12-A):7267. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Fingerspelling. Audiovisual Instruction. Deaf. Special Education. Academic Achievement. Adolescents. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Auditory &/vs lipreading &/vs fingerspelling presentations of material, learning, 12-15 yr olds in school for deaf. 174. Author: Geers, Ann E. Affiliation: Central Inst for the Deaf, Research Dept, St Louis, MO. Title: Intonation contour and syntactic structure as predictors of apparent segmentation. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 1978 May, v4 (n2):273-283. 23 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Syntax. Inflection. Speech Perception. Speech Pauses. Lipreading. Deaf. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Intonation contour vs syntactic structure, speech segmentation, normal hearing vs profoundly deaf adults. Abstract: Segmentation is reflected in the chunking of complex stimuli into cohesive units. In speech this segmentation may be determined by interalized grammatical rules, with boundaries of the units corresponding to major constituent boundaries. On the other hand, this segmentation may also be accomplished by physical characteristics of the speech signal, with the boundaries of the units corresponding to acoustic discontinuities such as changes in vocal pitch, duration, and/or intensity of syllables at the boundary. The present 2 experiments contrasted these 2 types of characteristics to determine their roles in the segmentation of speech. Subjects in Exp I were 32 normal-hearing adults; Subjects in Exp II were 16 normal-hearing and 16 profoundly deaf adults. Segmentation of spoken sentences appeared to require both prosodic and syntactic cues. The tendency for the perception of interrupting stimuli to cluster was considerably greater at boundaries that were marked by both syntactic and prosodic cues than at those marked by intonation or syntax alone. Although prosodic structure must reinforce syntactic structure to produce maximum segmental effects, it was not essential that these prosodic cues be auditory. Subjects with normal hearing appeared to require some auditory cue to intonation boundaries to achieve significant perceptual migration of interrupting stimuli, but deaf Subjects were able to use, through vision, durational correlates of the melodic pattern to segment the speech signal. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1979 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 175. Author: Nigam, J. C. Affiliation: All India Inst of Medical Sciences Dept of Rehabilitation, Unit of Audiology & Speech Pathology, New Delhi. Title: Your young deaf child. Source: Hearing Aid Journal, 1978 Jan, v1 (n2):21-23. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Sign Language. Lipreading. Parents. Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Diagnosis & training of deaf children in comprehension & use of sign & spoken language & lipreading, parents of deaf children. Abstract: Presents suggestions for helping parents diagnose and train their hard-of-hearing children. Assessment by a hearing specialist, counseling of parents and family, how children learn to speak, the deaf child's need to understand the spoken language, lip-reading, use of an auditory aid, behavioral problems in deaf children, activities that facilitate the acquisition of lip-reading and auditory skills in deaf children, and the use of sign language are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 176. Author: Rawool, Vishakha; Chitre, Aruna. Affiliation: B.Y.L. Nair Hosp, Audiology & Speech Therapy School, Bombay, India. Title: Comparison of the audiovisual, auditory, and visual approach in rehabilitation of the deaf. Source: Hearing Aid Journal, 1978 Jan, v1 (n2):24-27. 4 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Rehabilitation. Lipreading. Hearing Aids. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Hearing aid &/vs lipreading rehabilitation approaches, acquisition of monosyllabic word discrimination, congenitally deaf 6-9 yr olds. Abstract: Eight congenitally deaf 6-9 yr olds were tested to determine which approach--visual, auditory, or audiovisual--was most effective in helping them learn the discrimination of monosyllabic words. The speech material was comprised of the numbers from 1 to 6 and from 8 to 10. Subjects were instructed to watch the lip movements of the experimenter (visual approach), to listen to the word through a hearing aid (auditory approach), or both (audiovisual approach) and to present the appropriate number card. Presentation trials continued until each Subject responded correctly for 3 consecutive trials. Results show that the unisensory approaches (visual and auditory) were more effective than the audiovisual approach. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 177. Author: Shepherd, David C.; DeLavergne, Robin W.; Frueh, Frank X.; Clobridge, Carol. Affiliation: U South Florida. Title: Visual-neural correlate of speechreading ability in normal-hearing adults. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1977 Dec, v20 (n4):752-765. 39 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Evoked Potentials. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Electroencephalography. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Correlations between peak latency of visually evoked EEG responses & lipreading ability, adults. Abstract: Significant product-moment correlations ranging from -0.90 to -0.91 were computed between a selected peak-latency in average visual EEG responses and speechreading scores. Subjects were 20 adults with normal hearing and assumed normal vision who had had no formal training in the speechreading process. The negative peak selected as the measure of visual-neural firing time occurred at an average of 130 msec from stimulus-onset in average visual EEG responses evoked from either the right or left side of the head of normal adults. Speechreading measures included word and sentence scores obtained using a videotape of a female speaker presenting the 31 sentences that appear in the Utley Sentence Test of Lipreading Ability, Form B. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1978 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 178. Author: Dodd, B.; Hermelin, B. Affiliation: MRC Developmental Psychology Unit, London, England. Title: Phonological coding by the prelinguistically deaf. Source: Perception & Psychophysics, 1977 May, v21 (n5):413-417. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Written Language. Articulation (Speech). Word Meaning. Sensory Feedback. Deaf. Stimulus Similarity. Speech Perception. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Lipreading & similarities of written representation & lexical information & motor feedback, phonological coding, prelinguistically deaf 13-14 yr olds. Abstract: A series of 4 experiments with 13 profoundly prelinguistically deaf boys (mean age 13 yrs 2 mo) was carried out to determine the type of linguistic input used by such persons who had acquired a phonological code which enabled them to match homophones and identify rhymes. Results indicate that the tasks were primarily done by using visual information from lipreading and that Subjects did not rely greatly on similarities of written representation, lexical information, or motor feedback from the articulators to perform the phonological matching tasks. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1978 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 179. Author: Walden, Brian E.; and others. Affiliation: Walter Reed US Army Medical Ctr, Washington, DC. Title: Effects of training on the visual recognition of consonants. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1977 Mar, v20 (n1):130-145. 18 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Visual Discrimination. Consonants. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adults. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Speechreading training, visual recognition of consonants, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Studied visual recognition of consonants in 31 hearing-impaired adults before and after 14 hrs of concentrated, individualized, speechreading training. Confusions were analyzed using a hierarchical clustering technique to derive categories of visual contrast (visemes) among the consonants. Pretraining and posttraining results were compared to reveal the effects of the training program. Results show that training caused an increase in the number of visemes consistently recognized and an increase in the percentage of within-viseme responses. Analysis of the responses made revealed that most changes in consonant recognition occurred during the 1st few hours of training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1978 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 180. Author: Conrad, R. Affiliation: U Oxford, England. Title: Lip-reading by deaf and hearing children. Source: British Journal of Educational Psychology, 1977 Feb, v47 (n1):60-65. 15 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Lipreading ability, profoundly deaf 15-16 yr olds vs hearing Subjects deafened by white noise masking. Abstract: Administered an amended version of the Donaldson Lip-Reading Test to 67 profoundly deaf 15-16 yr olds who had no other handicap and were of average nonverbal intelligence (as verified by scores on the Raven Progressive Matrices). The same test was given to 75 comparable hearing Subjects "deafened" by white noise masking. The difference between the groups was not significant. Performance of the deaf Subjects (and 43 hearing Subjects) was, however, significantly better when they read the test items from print. It is concluded that the relatively poor lip-reading ability of the deaf Subjects was not caused by linguistic impairment. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 181. DISSERTATION Author: Blair, James C. Affiliation: Northwestern U. Title: The contributing influences of amplification, speechreading and classroom environments on the ability of hard of hearing children to discriminate sentences. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977 Jan, v37 (n7-A):4273. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Classroom Environment. Partially Hearing Impaired. Amplifiers (Apparatus). Hearing Aids. Lipreading. Elementary School Students. Junior High School Students. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Amplification sources with vs without visual speechread cues in acoustically treated vs untreated classroom, sentence discrimination during class session, hard of hearing 7-14 yr olds. 182. Author: Cozad, Robert L. Affiliation: U Missouri Medical Ctr. Title: Speechreading skill and communication difficulty of children and young adults with unilateral hearing loss. Source: Journal of Auditory Research, 1977 Jan, v17 (n1):25-29. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Speech Perception. Children. Young Adults. Population terms: Human. Child. Adult. Key phrase: Speechreading skill, communication difficulty, children & young adults with unilateral hearing losses vs normal hearing. Abstract: Administered the Utley Lipreading Test and the Diagnostic Test of Lipreading to 18 young persons (median age 13 yrs) with unilateral hearing losses and to 18 normal-hearing controls, matched for age and sex. The Wide Range Vocabulary Test was also administered. Findings support the hypothesis that the young unilateral listener probably does not experience substantially more difficulty listening to speech in his environment than does the normal-hearing listener. It is suggested that the unilateral listener may be more aware of his need for speechreading than the normal listener but is probably no more skilled in its use. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1979 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 183. Author: Clouser, Richard A. Affiliation: Pennsylvania State U, Speech & Hearing Clinic. Title: Relative phoneme visibility and lipreading performance. Source: Volta Review, 1977 Jan, v79 (n1):27-34. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Phonemes. Lipreading. Aurally Handicapped. Sentences. Adults. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Phoneme visibility, lipreading performance, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Compared 20 normally hearing adults (mean age, 18.1 yrs) and 20 hearing-impaired adults (mean age, 18.7 yrs), matched for lipreading skills (Utley Lipreading Test), on their ability to lipread 150 3-, 6-, and 9-word sentences containing various levels of phoneme visibility. Previous work with lipreading has assumed the importance of phoneme visibility, but there has been little or no research that has established this variable as a factor in the acquisition of lipreading skills. Each of the sentences was rated on 3 scales that measured phoneme visibility; a mean lipreading score for each group on each sentence was also computed. Results show that (a) the normally hearing group and the hearing-impaired group did not differ in their ability to lipread; (b) 3-word sentences were easier to lipread than 6- or 9-word sentences; (c) as sentence length increased, the number of significant correlations between lipreading scores and phoneme visibility decreased; and (d) the overall relationship between phoneme visibility and lipreading ability was weak (i.e., accounting for only 5-9% of the variance). Suggestions for clinical applications of the data are included. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 184. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst for the Deaf, St Louis, MO. Title: Developing materials for lipreading evaluation and instruction. Source: Volta Review, 1977 Jan, v79 (n1):35-42. 16 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Educational Diagnosis. Teaching Methods. Aurally Handicapped. Special Education. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Materials based on matrix method, lipreading evaluation & instruction with hearing impaired students. Abstract: Describes a conceptual model of a lipreading skills matrix that teachers may use to evaluate the lipreading ability of their hearing-impaired students and to adjust accordingly their own communicative behavior. A sample matrix is presented in which columns represent speech stimuli (ranging from elements of speech to connected discourse) and rows represent the response tasks of detection, discrimination, recognition, and comprehension. As one moves from top to bottom and/or left to right on the figure, both the stimuli and required responses become more complex. Examples of the 4 categories of response tasks and their uses in evaluation and adaptive teaching strategies are included. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 185. Author: Jackson, Pamela L.; Montgomery, Allen A.; Binnie, Carl A. Affiliation: Northern Illinois U. Title: Perceptual dimensions underlying vowel lipreading performance. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1976 Dec, v19 (n4):796-812. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Vowels. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Extraction & description & verification of visual perceptual features underlying vowel lipreading performance, normal hearing viewers. Abstract: Studied the extraction, description, and verification of visual perceptual features underlying vowel lipreading performance. 10 viewers with normal hearing rated the visual similarity of pairs of 15 vowels and diphthongs presented in an /h-g/ context by 4 speakers. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to extract potential perceptual features which were then labeled by the Es. The resulting perceptual dimensions were correlated with physical measurements of lip shape to evaluate the adequacy of the feature labels. Results indicate that the traditional extended-rounded vowel feature and a vertical lip separation feature were the characteristics most prominent in judging the stimuli. In addition, a feature related to overall area of maximum lip opening and 2 features unique to diphthong perception were tentatively identified. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 186. Author: Binnie, Carl A.; Jackson, Pamela L.; Montgomery, Allen A. Affiliation: Purdue U. Title: Visual intelligibility of consonants: A lipreading screening test with implications for aural rehabilitation. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1976 Nov, v41 (n4):530-539. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Consonants. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading screening test, visual intelligibility of consonants, female college students, implications for aural rehabilitation. Abstract: A lipreading screening test consisting of 100 CV syllables was prepared on videotape and presented to 34 female undergraduates with normal hearing and vision. Results of visual consonant confusions revealed 9 homophenous categories with high test-retest reliability. Based on these categories, obtained under ideal viewing conditions, criterion levels of performance were specified in an attempt to determine the need for place of articulation instruction during lipreading training. Examples of confusion patterns from hearing-impaired observers are shown, and implications for visual training are presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 187. Author: Clouser, Richard A. Affiliation: Pennsylvania State U. Title: The effect of vowel consonant ratio and sentence length on lipreading ability. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1976 Oct, v121 (n5):513-518. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Sentence Structure. Vowels. Consonants. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vowel-consonant ratio & sentence length, lipreading ability, hearing impaired vs normal Subjects. Abstract: Examined the factors of vowel-consonant (V-C) ratio and sentence length to determine their relationship to the lipreading ability of 20 normal (mean age, 18.10 yrs) and 20 hearing impaired (mean age, 18.75 yrs) Subjects. Results show there was no relationship between V-C ratio and lipreading ability for either normal or hearing impaired Subjects. There was a relationship between sentence length and lipreading ability for both normal and hearing impaired Subjects in that 3-word sentences were easier to lipread than 6- or 9-word sentences, and 6- and 9-word sentences were of equal difficulty. Normal and hearing impaired Subjects did not differ in their ability to lipread sentences of different lengths. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 188. Author: Gaston, C. D.; Hutzell, R. R. Affiliation: U Southern Mississippi. Title: Hypnosis to reduce smoking in a deaf patient. Source: American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1976 Oct, v19 (n2):125-127. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tobacco Smoking. Deaf. Lipreading. Hypnotherapy. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Hypnosis, reduction of cigarette smoking, deaf lipreading 51 yr old. Abstract: Presents the case of a deaf lip-reading male (aged 51 yrs) who received hypnotic treatment to reduce his cigarette-smoking rate. Results indicate that the Subject's trance depth increased over sessions and his smoking rate decreased from 60 to 2 cigarettes/day. Findings demonstrate that induction techniques can be effectively used with deaf persons who can lip read. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 189. Author: Chasen, Barbara; Zuckerman, William. Affiliation: Bureau of Child Guidance, New York, NY. Title: The effects of total communication and oralism on deaf third-grade rubella students. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1976 Aug, v121 (n4):394-404. 27 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Special Education. Deaf. Rubella. Elementary School Students. Interpersonal Communication. Reading Achievement. Teaching Methods. Mathematics Achievement. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Total communication vs oralism, reading & mathematics & lipreading & general communicative abilities & parent/teacher impressions, deaf rubella 9 yr olds in 3rd grade. Abstract: Conducted an exploratory study at the New York City public school for the deaf, on the relative effects of total communication and oralism on reading, mathematics, lipreading, general communicative abilities, and parent and teacher impressions. 15 9-yr-old, upper-3rd-grade deaf rubella students, controlled for average hearing loss, intelligence, and visual-motor development, were tested. The total communication class improved significantly more than the oral class in mathematics, general communicative abilities, and teacher impressions of communicative abilities, while both classes improved at the same rate on lipreading skills, reading, and parent impressions of communicative abilities. It is suggested that further research focus on teacher variables (e.g., expertise), younger Subjects, and clinical observations or projective measurement techniques. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 190. Author: Podmareva, N. L. Affiliation: Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Inst of Defectology, Moscow, USSR. Title: Lipreading under blocked perceiver's articulation. Source: Defektologiya, 1976 Jun (n6):22-26. Language: Russian. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Perception. Speech Perception. Articulation (Speech). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Behavioral differences between lipreading & normal auditory perception. Abstract: Investigated behavorial differences between lipreading and normal auditory perception. It was found that the response activity of lipreaders is more intense under difficult acoustic conditions than in people with normal hearing. This activity is created by allowing excessive language to fill gaps in speech perception. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1980 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 191. Author: Dodd, Barbara. Affiliation: MRC, London, England. Title: The phonological systems of deaf children. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1976 May, v41 (n2):185-198. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Phonology. Lipreading. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Spontaneous speech & lipreading & nonsense syllable reading, derivation of phonology rules, congenitally deaf children. Abstract: Used the spontaneous speech of 10 congenitally deaf children (mean CA, 11 yrs) to derive phonological rules. The predictive value of some of the rules was assessed by asking another group of deaf children to lipread and read nonsense words. Results indicate that the phonological systems of profoundly deaf children are partially rule-governed. There was also some evidence that lipreading was a major input to the deaf children's phonological systems. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1976 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 192. Author: Johnson, C. Merle; Kaye, James H. Affiliation: Kalamazoo Valley Multihandicap Ctr, MI. Title: Acquisition of lipreading in a deaf multihandicapped child. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1976 May, v41 (n2):226-232. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Case Report. Behavior Therapy. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Operant techniques using tokens & social reinforcers, acquisition of lipreading, 9 yr old deaf multihandicapped male. Abstract: Used operant techniques in 2 experiments to develop lipreading in a 9-yr-old deaf male who had failed to respond appropriately to previous speechreading training. Component analysis revealed that both tokens and social reinforcers presented simultaneously or separately were effective in shaping lipreading. In addition, the child learned to lipread either voiced or nonvoiced names of objects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1976 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 193. Author: Erber, Norman P.; McMahan, De A. Affiliation: Central Inst for the Deaf, St Louis, MO. Title: Effects of sentence context on recognition of words through lipreading by deaf children. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1976 Mar, v19 (n1):112-119. 15 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Nouns. Sentence Structure. Lipreading. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Sentence context, noun recognition through lipreading, profoundly deaf 13-16 yr olds. Abstract: 20 monosyllabic nouns (10 animate, 10 inanimate) were presented in isolation and in 3 different positions (subject, direct object, object of preposition) in sentences to 15 profoundly deaf children (13-16 yrs old) to determine the effect of context on word intelligibility through lipreading. Isolated words were more intelligible (80%) than were words in sentences (46%). Animate nouns were more intelligible (70%) than inanimate nouns (33%) when used as subjects in sentences. Teacher ratings of Subjects' "general lipreading ability" were correlated more highly with their recognition of words presented in isolation. Results indicate that teachers of deaf children could enhance the intelligibility of important words by isolating them from sentences. Results also suggest that some speech-perception difficulties of deaf children could be diagnosed through lipreading tests which are scored on the basis of correctness of "key words" in sentences. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 194. DISSERTATION Author: Anderson, Martha W. Affiliation: U Florida. Title: Psycholinguistic abilities and academic achievement of hard of hearing students. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975 Sep, v36 (n3-B):1163. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hearing Aids. Partially Hearing Impaired. Elementary School Students. Academic Achievement. Intelligence. Language Development. Lipreading. Verbal Communication. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Psycholinguistic abilities & academic achievement, 4th-6th grade hard of hearing students in regular classes. 195. DISSERTATION Author: Kaplan, Harriet. Affiliation: U Maryland. Title: The effects of cued speech on the speech-reading ability of the deaf. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975 Aug, v36 (n2-B):645. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cues. Deaf. Lipreading. Adolescents. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Presence of manual cues with speech, speechreading performance, prelingually deaf adolescents. 196. DISSERTATION Author: Armstrong, Mary B. Affiliation: U Illinois. Title: Visual training in aural rehabilitation. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975 Jun, v35 (n12-B, Pt 1):5746-5747. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Comprehension. Word Meaning. Visual Discrimination. Educational Programs. College Students. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual systhesis/visual closure skill & visual training, speechreading performance, college students. 197. DISSERTATION Author: Jackson, Pamela L. Affiliation: Purdue U. Title: Perceptual parameters underlying lipreading performance. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975 May, v35 (n11-B):5498. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Vowels. Visual Discrimination. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual perceptual features of vowels & dipthongs, lipreading performance, college students. 198. Author: Locke, John L.; Ginsburg, Mickey. Affiliation: Yale U. Title: Electromyography and lipreading in the detection of verbal rehearsal. Source: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1975 Mar, v5 (n3):246-248. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Electromyography. Lipreading. Memory. Subvocalization. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: EMG & lipreading, detection of verbal rehearsal during memorization, female college students. Abstract: 18 female undergraduates memorized 24 lists of visually presented consonant letters while monitored simultaneously by a lipreader and an electromyograph (EMG) for rehearsal activity. Lipreading was more sensitive than EMG in detecting who was verbally rehearsing. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 199. Author: Carson, Pamela A.; Goetzinger, C. P. Affiliation: Florida School for the Deaf & Blind, St Augustine. Title: A study of learning in deaf children. Source: Journal of Auditory Research, 1975 Jan, v15 (n1):73-80. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Special Education. Deaf. Nonsense Syllable Learning. Lipreading. Sign Language. Verbal Communication. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Lipreading vs signs vs auditory presentation alone vs in combination, nonsense syllable learning, deaf 8-10 yr olds, implications for total communication teaching approach. Abstract: Compared the learning of nonsense syllables by 35 deaf 8-10 yr olds under 7 conditions: lipreading alone, signs alone, auditory alone, lipreading plus auditory, lipreading plus signs, signs plus auditory, and all 3 modalities (total communication). Best performance was by a group of 5 Subjects given lipreading plus auditory; these were superior to other groups given signs alone, auditory alone, and signs plus auditory. The 2nd-best group (total communication) was superior to the auditory alone and the signs plus auditory condition. Since the total-communication group was not significantly better than the lipreading plus auditory group, (indeed somewhat worse), results would cast doubt on the effectiveness of the so-called "total communication approach" in teaching the deaf. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 200. Author: Binnie, Carl A.; Montgomery, Allen A.; Jackson, Pamela L. Affiliation: Purdue U. Title: Auditory and visual contributions to the perception of consonants. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1974 Dec, v17 (n4):619-630. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Auditory Stimulation. Articulation (Speech). Lipreading. Visual Perception. Consonants. Auditory Perception. Visual Stimulation. Figure Ground Discrimination. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory-visual presentation at various signal-to-noise ratio & auditory- & visual-only conditions in quiet, perception of consonant-vowel syllables, normal-hearing 20-42 yr old lipreading teacher-students. Abstract: Studied perceptual confusions of 16 consonant-vowel (CV) syllables with 10 20-42 yr old normal-hearing lipreading teacher-students. Conditions of auditory-visual presentation at various signal-to-noise (S-N) ratios were used, as well as auditory-only and visual-only conditions in quiet. An articulatory feature classification system was used to analyze responses with regard to percentage correct intelligibility and relative information transmission. In the auditory conditions, features of voicing and nasality were least affected by noise, while place of articulation showed the greatest reduction in intelligibility. The auditory-visual confusions indicated that the visual channel in bisensory presentations reduced errors when phonemes differed by place of articulation, with the greatest visual complement occurring at the poorer S-N ratios. Responses from the visual-only condition indicated that the Subjects were able to categorize the phonemes into discrete homophenous groups. Part-whole reliability for the visual-only condition was high, indicating that a short form of the test could be used for screening aural-rehabilitation clients. Since the Subjects' ability to recognize visually 5 places of articulation was nearly perfect, it is suggested that emphasis in aural rehabilitation be placed on auditory training or use of contextual cues, rather than on lipreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 201. Author: Pelson, Rodney O.; Prather, William F. Affiliation: U Oregon, Medical School, Portland. Title: Effects of visual message-related cues, age, and hearing impairment on speechreading performance. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1974 Sep, v17 (n3):518-525. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Age Differences. Partially Hearing Impaired. Cues. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual message-related cues, speech reading performance, 51-59 yr olds with hearing impairment vs normal-hearing 19-26 & 52-61 yr olds. Abstract: 3 groups of 12 adults each, differing primarily in age and auditory status, performed 2 speech-reading tasks. One task consisted of speech reading sentences in which the only cues provided were those from the speaker's face and lips; in the other task, a related picture was presented just prior to speech reading a given sentence. Results indicate that while message-related pictures markedly enhanced speech-reading performance for all groups, the older hearing-impaired Subjects (aged 51-59 yrs) improved more than 19-26 and 52-61 yr old normal-hearing Subjects regardless of age. In terms of absolute speech-reading performance, however, the younger normal-hearing Subjects speech read better than either of the 2 older groups while the older adults with hearing impairment tended to speech read better than the older Subjects with normal hearing. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 202. Author: Johnson, Carl M.; Kaye, James H. Affiliation: Kalamazoo Valley Multihandicap Ctr, MI. Title: The development of lip reading through generalized conditioned reinforcement in a deaf multiply handicapped child. Source: SALT: School Applications of Learning Theory, 1974 Jul, v6 (n4):21-30. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Emotionally Disturbed. Trainable Mentally Retarded. Classroom Behavior Modification. Case Report. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Conditioned reinforcement, lip reading development, 9-yr-old deaf multiply handicapped male. Abstract: Reports the successful use of conditioned reinforcement in teaching lip reading to a 9-yr-old boy, diagnosed as emotionally disturbed and trainable mentally retarded, with an IQ of 45 and a moderate-to-severe hearing loss when wearing an aid. After a baseline score was obtained, reinforcement, consisting at first of tokens and praise and secondly of smiles, was used after correct choices of fruits voiced by the teacher. Later, the fruits were only mouthed, and reinforcement was given in various fixed ratio schedules. Durability checks produced correct responses of 92% and 97%. It is concluded that clinicians can use tangible immediate reinforcers such as tokens to shape and maintain complex behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 203. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst. for the Deaf, St. Louis, Mo. Title: Visual perception of speech by deaf children: Recent developments and continuing needs. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1974 May, v39 (n2):178-185. 44 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Deaf. Visual Perception. Speech Perception. Special Education. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Visual perception of speech, role of lipreading in oral education, deaf children, review. Abstract: Posits that 2 main groups of children attend schools for the deaf: the severely hearing-impaired, who can learn to use low-frequency cues in a nearly normal way; and the profoundly deaf, who perceive only gross patterns of amplified speech through vibrotactile receptors in their ears. Improvements in early oral-aural education now allow many severely hearing-impaired and some profoundly deaf children to enter schools for the normally hearing before about age 10. Most children who remain in oral schools for the deaf beyond this age are profoundly deaf-those who rely primarily on lipreading for speech comprehension. Communication through lipreading is, therefore, an important factor in the successful oral education of profoundly deaf children. Recent studies have described several variables which limit the visual intelligibility of speech, but also have suggested some ways in which speech and language learning through lipreading may be enhanced. Lipreading research is reviewed from the point of view of educating deaf children, and a rationale is provided for continued study of visual perception of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 204. Author: Giolas, Thomas G.; Butterfield, Earl C.; Weaver, S. Joseph. Affiliation: U. Connecticut. Title: Some motivational correlates of lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1974 Mar, v17 (n1):18-24. 20 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Internal External Locus of Control. Incentives. Personality Traits. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Locus of control & evaluative style & incentive orientation, motivational correlates of lipreading, 5th & 6th graders. Abstract: Investigated the relationship between lipreading and 3 personality variables: (a) locus of control, (b) evaluative style, and (c) incentive orientation. 48 5th and 6th graders were administered inventory measures of these personality variables and the John Tracy Test of Lipreading. 8 groups were formed, with each group differing on 1 variable but comparable on the other 2. Intrinsically oriented Subjects lipread significantly more words correctly than did extrinsically oriented Subjects. Since no extrinsic rewards were offered, it may be assumed that the intrinsically oriented Subjects found some reward in the lipreading task itself, that is, self-satisfaction in learning something new and a sense of achievement when they grasped the meaning of some items. Conversely, without feedback, extrinsically oriented Subjects apparently found little reward in the lipreading task and, therefore, performed less well. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 205. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst. for the Deaf, St. Louis, Mo. Title: Effects of angle, distance, and illumination on visual reception of speech by profoundly deaf children. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1974 Mar, v17 (n1):99-112. 25 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Deaf. Lipreading. Illumination. Spatial Orientation (Perception). Visual Perception. Distance Perception. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Stimulus angle & illumination & distance lipreading, 13-16 yr old profoundly deaf children. Abstract: 2 adult females presented lists of 240 common nouns to 11 13-16 yr old profoundly deaf children. Lipreading performance was measured under several conditions of speaker angle, light-incidence angle, illumination, and distance. The best visual word-recognition scores were obtained for 0 or 45. horizontal observation angles. For viewing angles within the range of 0-45., the smaller the distance between the speaker and the lipreader, the greater was the visual intelligibility. Minor variations in vertical viewing angle had little effect on lipreading performance. Within the 0-45. range of horizontal viewing angles, illumination conditions which shadowed the speaker's oral cavity (overhead lighting) lowered mean lipreading performance 3-12% below that which was obtained for 0 or +45. angles of light incidence. With frontal illumination of the speaker, a large reduction in facial luminance produced only a 13% decrement in visual intelligibility. Under conditions of high background brightness, however, a reduction in facial luminance from 30 to 3 ft-L produced a mean decrement of 41%. Data suggest that visual communication in classrooms for deaf children can be enhanced by positioning teachers so that they face the windows as they speak and by compressing the pattern of pupils' desks so that all children can observe their teacher from favorable angles. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 206. Author: Hannah, E. P. Affiliation: California State U, Northridge. Title: Speechreading: Some linguistic factors. Source: Acta Symbolica, 1974, v5 (n1):57-66. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Sentence Structure. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Transformational structure, speechreading accuracy, hearing impaired Subjects. Abstract: 20 normal and 9 hearing-impaired Subjects were evaluated on a speechreading task consisting of 12 sentences, each containing 1 type of transformational structure. Results indicate that speechreading accuracy varied with the transformational content of the stimulus material. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1975 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 207. Author: Podmaryeva, N. L. Affiliation: USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Inst of Defektology, Moscow. Title: (The comparative discriminability of elements of speech during auditory and visual perception.). Source: Defektologiya, 1974 (n3 1):4-18. Language: Russian. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Auditory Discrimination. Visual Discrimination. Syllables. Sentences. Words (Phonetic Units). Auditory Stimulation. Visual Stimulation. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Comparative discriminability of elements of speech during auditory vs visual perception, deaf adult lipreading experts, implications for teaching lipreading. Abstract: Ascertained the discriminability of various elements of spoken language when perceived visually by deaf Subjects. Five deaf adult lip-reading experts were shown sounds, syllables, words, and sentences. Mean discriminability scores were as follows: sounds 38.1%, syllables 4.2%, words 26.0%, and sentences 70.2%. The largest intra-Subject variability was found for syllables, perhaps because there are more syllables than sound from which to choose. The smallest intra-Subject variability was found for sentences, although there are more possible sentences than syllables. It is suggested that the stability of a Subject's performance with sentences is due to counteractivity. Discriminability of the various elements of speech during visual perception was compared with their discriminability under auditory presentation (collection of the latter data is not described). It is concluded that, since the visual discriminability of sounds, syllables, and words is low even for expert lip-readers, in teaching lipreading the emphasis should not be on differentiating the phonetic elements of speech, but on mobilizing the perceiver's counteractivity. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1976 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 208. Author: Nielsen, H. Birk, ed.; Kampp, E., ed. Affiliation: Bispebjerg Hosp, State Hearing Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark. Title: Visual and audio-visual perception of speech. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1974 Suppl, v4:290. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Educational Audiovisual Aids. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Prevention. Key phrase: Visual & audiovisual speech perception, hearing disorders, papers from 6th Danavox Symposium in Denmark. Abstract: Presents papers from the Sixth Danavox Symposium held in Denmark in 1974. Among the topics discussed are auditory and audiovisual speech perception related to hearing disorders, visual perception of speech by deaf children, lipreading with visual and tactual aids, construction and evaluation of an audiovisual test (the Helen test), and auditory and visual contributions to the perception of English consonants for normal and hearing-impaired listeners. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1976 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 209. DISSERTATION Author: Clouser, Richard A. Affiliation: Pennsylvania State U. Title: Relationships between visual speech reception and linguistic features of sentences. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1973 Oct, v34 (n4-B):1359-1360. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Aurally Handicapped. Lipreading. Sentence Structure. Linguistics. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vowel-consonant ratio & lexical density & sentence length, visual speech reception, normal vs hearing impaired 17-20 yr olds. 210. Author: Moores, Donald F.; Weiss, Karen L.; Goodwin, Marilyn W. Affiliation: U. Minnesota. Title: Receptive abilities of deaf children across five modes of communication. Source: Exceptional Children, 1973 Sep, v40 (n1):22-28. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Fingerspelling. Sign Language. Preschool Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Sound & speechreading & fingerspelling & signs & printed words, receptive communication, deaf 4-6 yr olds. Abstract: Assessed 74 4-6 yr olds from 7 preschool programs for the deaf on a measure of receptive communication. Subjects were tested across 5 modes of communication: (a) sound alone, (b) sound and speechreading, (c) sound, speechreading, and fingerspelling, (d) sound, speechreading, and signs, and (e) printed words. 4 levels of difficulty were assessed for each mode: (a) number concepts, (b) adjective-noun phrases, (c) noun-conjunction phrases, and (d) noun-verb-prepositional phrase constructions. Results suggest that the most efficient means of receptive communication were simultaneous use of sound, speechreading, and signs. Subjects using this system received information as efficiently as other deaf Subjects when manual components were removed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 211. Author: Velmans, Max. Affiliation: Goldsmiths Coll., U. London, England. Title: Speech imitation in simulated deafness, using visual cues and "recoded" auditory information. Source: Language & Speech, 1973 Jul, v16 (n3):224-236. 30 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Articulation (Speech). Visual Stimulation. Imitation (Learning). Deaf. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual cues provided by articulatory movements & recoded auditory information from frequency transposer device, judged-match imitation responses to spoken nonsense syllables, normal hearing Subjects. Abstract: Tested a technique for simulation of deafness and its alleviation by a new "frequency transposition" device. The effects of visual cues (provided by the E's articulatory movements) and of recoded auditory information (provided by the frequency transposer) on the ability of 16 normally hearing Subjects to make a judged-match imitation response to spoken nonsense syllables were evaluated. Results show significant improvement in imitation (when visual cues were provided) of both manner and place of articulation of certain fricative, sibilant, and stop consonants, together with overall imitation scores. Results support the conclusion that Subjects, although untrained in lipreading, had a well developed ability to integrate auditory and visual speech information. The improved imitation of both manner and place of articulation brought about by recoding the speech signal supports the hypothesis that the recoding technique would produce a signal sufficiently speech-like to be used by the ear-brain system, and would therefore be useful in the rehabilitation of the perceptively deaf. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 212. Author: Minamide, Yoshifumi. Affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Center for the Physically & Mentally Handicapped, Japan. Title: (The experimental study of the visual perception of deaf pupils: I. On the discrimination of the gliding rate difference.). Source: Japanese Journal of Special Education, 1973 Jun, v11 (n1):1-6. Language: Japanese. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Special Education. Deaf. Visual Discrimination. Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading training without lip movements as stimuli, visual discrimination of gliding rate difference, deaf students. Abstract: Describes the evaluation of a training method of lipreading without giving the lip movements as stimuli. Circles which changed their size at various rates (i.e., gliding) were presented on film to 15 male and 5 female students with normal IQ and vision, but severe hearing losses, who indicated which of 2 circles changed size faster. Data indicate that there are 2 mechanisms involved in gliding rates-one for short gliding times and the other for long gliding times. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1974 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 213. Author: Franks, J. Richard; Kimble, Joan. Affiliation: Washington State U. Title: The confusion of English consonant clusters in lipreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1972 Sep, v15 (n3):474-482. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: College Students. Consonants. Articulation (Speech). Lipreading. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Confusion of English consonant clusters, lipreading, college students. Abstract: Obtained responses from 275 18-35 yr. old undergraduates who identified by lipreading 32 cluster-vowel nonsense syllables spoken by 3 different speakers. Results indicate that the consonant clusters were highly confused in lipreading, since they were incorrectly perceived 89% of the time. Clusters were seen most frequently as single consonants followed in frequency by identification as other consonant combinations. The confusions for each stimulus cluster were tested statistically to determine whether their frequency of occurrence might be attributable to chance. Confusions found not to be attributable to chance fell into 7 visually contrastive groups. Confusions amoung sounds produced in similar articulatory positions were prominent. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 214. Author: Klopping, Henry W. Affiliation: San Fernando Valley State Coll. Title: Language understanding of deaf students under three auditory-visual stimulus conditions. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1972 Jun, v117 (n3):389-396. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Nonverbal Communication. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Comprehension. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Story presentation via speech reading with voice & Rochester method & total communication, language comprehension ability, 13-20 yr. old deaf students. Abstract: Compared 30 13-20 yr. old deaf students on language comprehension ability. Subjects were presented stories via speech reading with voice, the Rochester method, and total communication. Following the narration, a 3-part comprehension test was administered. Total communication with 76.35% comprehension of language was found to be most effective. The Rochester method with 55.10% effectiveness ranked 2nd. Speech reading with voice with 35.15% accuracy was the least effective means of communication. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 215. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst. for the Deaf, St. Louis, Mo. Title: Auditory, visual, and auditory-visual recognition of consonants by children with normal and impaired hearing. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1972 Jun, v15 (n2):413-422. 28 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Visual Stimulation. Partially Hearing Impaired. Deaf. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Consonant presentation in auditory & visual & auditory-visual modalities, lipreading, normal-hearing & severely hearing-impaired & profoundly deaf 9-15 yr. olds. Abstract: Presented the consonants /b,d,g,k,m,n,p,t/ to normal-hearing, severely hearing-impaired, and profoundly deaf 9-15 yr. old children (n = 5 in each group) through auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual modalities. Through lipreading alone, all 3 groups were able to discriminate between the places of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar) but not within each place category. When they received acoustic information only, normal-hearing Subjects recognized the consonants nearly perfectly, and severely hearing-impaired Subjects distinguished accurately between voiceless plosives, voiced plosives, and nasal consonants. However, the scores of the profoundly deaf group were low, and they perceived even voicing and nasality cues unreliably. Although both the normal-hearing and the severely hearing-impaired groups achieved nearly perfect recognition scores through simultaneous auditory-visual reception, the performance of the profoundly deaf Subjects was only slightly better than that which they demonstrated through lipreading alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 216. Author: Sharp, Elizabeth Y. Affiliation: U. Arizona. Title: The relationship of visual closure to speechreading. Source: Exceptional Children, 1972 May, v38 (n9):729-734. 15 references. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Short Term Memory. Deaf. Perceptual Closure. Visual Perception. School Age Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Visual & movement closure & short-term memory, speechreading test performance, deaf 7-9 yr. olds. Abstract: Administered tests of visual closure, movement closure, and short term memory to a group of deaf 7-9 yr. old good speechreaders (n = 18) and to a group of poor speechreaders (n = 19) as determined by a speechreading test. Performances were compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test of Significance. Results indicate that good speechreaders were significantly superior to poor speechreaders on the tests. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 217. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: Central Inst. for the Deaf, St. Louis, Mo. Title: Effects of distance on the visual reception of speech. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1971 Dec, v14 (n4):848-857. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Characteristics. Deaf. Children. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Distance from speaker & stress patterns, visual reception of speech, profoundly deaf children. Abstract: 2 trained female talkers with normal hearing and speech presented with voice 240 common nouns (80 monosyllables, 80 trochees, 80 spondees) to 6 profoundly deaf children whose task was to lipread without acoustic cues at distances from 5-100 ft. Under bright, shadow-free illumination, lipreading performance diminished from 75% correct at 5 ft. to 11% correct at 100 ft. Stress patterns of the stimulus words influenced their intelligibility, with scores decreasing from spondees to trochees to monosyllables. In a supplementary study, 1 talker presented 2 tests of phoneme recognition to the same 6 deaf Subjects whose task was to lipread from 5, 20, or 70 ft. Identification of consonants in vowel-consonant-vowel context depended on their place of articulation (front superior to back) and on the surrounding vowel. Vowel-identification scores were less dependent on distance than were consonant-identification scores. In general, tense (stressed) vowels were more easily identified than were lax (unstressed) vowels. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1973 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved).