1. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker; Andersson, Jan; Linderoth, Eva. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Vibrotactile support: Initial effects on visual speech perception. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1993, v22 (n3):179-183. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Stimulation. Lipreading. Deaf. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vibrotactile support, speech perception & word discrimination & decoding, deaf vs hearing adults. Abstract: Investigated the initial effects of the implementation of vibrotactile support on the individual's speech perception ability. 16 adults with an acquired deafness and 16 adults with normal hearing participated in the study. Results indicate no immediate and direct improvement as a function of the implementation across all speech perception tests. However, when the Subjects were divided into skilled and less skilled groups, based on their performance in the visual condition of each test, the performance of the skilled Subjects deteriorated while that of the less skilled Subjects improved when tactile information was provided in word-discrimination and word-decoding conditions. Intercorrelations between discrimination and decoding tasks suggest that there are similarities between visually and tactilely supported speechreading in how they relate to sentence-based speechreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1994 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 2. Author: Samuelsson, Stefan; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Implicit and explicit use of scripted constraints in lip-reading. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1993 Jun, v5 (n2):201-233. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Schema. Sentence Comprehension. Lipreading. Contextual Associations. Models. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Script typicality & abstraction & hierarchical or temporal order & context, sentence comprehension, hearing adults, Sweden, application of script activation model. Abstract: The interaction between typicality, abstraction, and temporal order within scripts, and different contextual conditions, was specified in a lip-reading model of predictive sentence comprehension. The model suggests both an implicit and explicit mode of script processing, emphasising either hierarchical or temporal representations within scripts. In 5 experiments, 166 Subjects lip-read 48 sentences from 3 scripts. Different levels of abstraction, typicality, and temporal order were always embedded in each sentence. It was concluded that the predictive script model of lip-reading received strong support, and that a "weak" hierarchical view of scripts was compatible with implicit processing, whereas a "strong" temporal view was compatible with explicit script processing. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 3. Author: Massaro, Dominic W.; Cohen, Michael M.; Gesi, Antoinette T. Affiliation: U California, Program in Experimental Psychology, Santa Cruz, US. Title: Long-term training, transfer, and retention in learning to lipread. Source: Perception & Psychophysics, 1993 May, v53 (n5):549-562. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Transfer (Learning). Retention. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Learning. Key phrase: Fuzzy logic vs prelabeling integration training models, transfer & retention in learning to lipread, female college students. Abstract: Used a long-term training paradigm in lipreading to test the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP), which has been used to describe the joint contribution of audible and visible speech in bimodal speech perception. The predictions of the FLMP were contrasted with the predictions of a prelabeling integration model (PRLM). Six female college students were taught to lipread 22 initial consonants in 3 different vowel contexts. Repeated testing was given on syllables, words, and sentences. The test items were presented visually, auditorily, and bimodally, at normal rate or 3 times normal rate. Subjects improved in their lipreading ability across all 3 types of test items. Relative to the PRLM, the FLMP gave a better description of the confusion matrices at both the beginning and the end of practice. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 4. Author: Erber, Norman P. Affiliation: La Trobe U, Bundoora, Vict, Australia. Title: Effects of a question-answer format on visual perception of sentences. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1992, v25:113-122. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Visual Stimulation. Sentences. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. General terms: Measurement. Treatment. Key phrase: Viewing of videotaped sentences in isolation vs following why questions, speech reading, hearing impaired 38-79 yr olds, assessment & therapeutic implications. Abstract: Compared visual perception of spoken sentences when they are received as answers in question-answer sequences and when they are received in isolation. 24 hearing-impaired Subjects (aged 38-79 yrs) attended visually to videotaped sentences (assertions) received in isolation and following Why-questions. Results, based on key-word scoring, show superior speech-reading performance when stimulus sentences follow Why-questions and when they are presented alone. This supports the need for realistic conversation-based assessment and therapy procedures that incorporate the principles of self-directed interaction. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 5. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: The effects of background noise and working memory capacity on speechreading performance. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1993, v22 (n2):67-70. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Noise Effects. Short Term Memory. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Background noise & working memory capacity, speechreading performance, 22-52 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated the effects of background noise and working memory capacity on speechreading performance using 20 normal-hearing individuals (aged 22-52 yrs). Results display no differences in speechreading performance (i.e., on a word-test and on a sentence-test) due to background noise. When working memory capacity was correlated with speechreading, only one of the 2 tests of working memory capacity (i.e., the reading span task) was found to be related to speechreading performance. This relationship applies to both speechreading tests, but only to 1 specific background noise condition in the tests: meaningful noise. Results are discussed with respect to the demands of simultaneous storage and processing in working memory and how these demands apply to speech-based noise distractors. Although performance was similar across different background noise conditions, they apparently engage different components of the individual's cognitive system. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 6. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: U Linkoping, Sweden. Title: Cognitive characteristics of skilled tactiling: The case of GS. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1993 Mar, v5 (n1):19-33. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Tactual Perception. Lipreading. Prosody. Cognitive Ability. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Discrimination. Key phrase: Cognitive ability & prosody discrimination skill in visual speech reading using tactiling, 54 yr old deaf male, Sweden, case study. Abstract: Investigated the cognitive characteristics of GS (aged 54 yrs), a person extremely proficient in visual speech-reading with tactile support. His method of "tactiling" involves placing his palm on the speaker's shoulder and his thumb on the neck/collar-bone, enabling him to pick up prosodic elements of speech. Compared with an age-matched control group of 49 hearing-impaired and 69 normal-hearing Subjects, GS can be characterized as having normal short-term memory for simple forms of testing but vastly superior skills for complex working memory function. GS showed excellent verbal inference-making skills and normal access speed in lexical aspects of his long-term memory. It is concluded that when tactiling, GS is endowed with cognitive skills that promote perception of higher-order meaning units, effectively handled in working memory by means of flexible, intelligent guesswork. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 7. Author: Hyde, M. B.; Power, D. J. Affiliation: Griffith U, Ctr for Deafness Studies & Research, Nathan, QLD, Australia. Title: The receptive communication abilities of deaf students under oral, manual, and combined methods. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1992 Dec, v137 (n5):389-398. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Perception. Sentence Comprehension. Deaf. Manual Communication. Fingerspelling. Sign Language. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Lipreading &/vs listening &/vs fingerspelling &/vs signed English presentations, sentence matching, severely vs profoundly deaf 10-17 yr olds. Abstract: Tested 30 severely and profoundly deaf students (aged 10-17 yrs) on their abilities to choose, from a set of 4 pictures, the one matching a sentence presented on videotape under 11 different communication conditions. The communication conditions involved individual and combined presentations of lipreading, listening, fingerspelling, and signed English. Severely deaf Subjects scored higher than profoundly deaf Subjects under all conditions except those that involved signed English, where the profoundly deaf group scored as high as the severely deaf group. All of the Subjects scored higher under conditions that involved audition, including lipreading plus audition, than under audition alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 8. Author: Hnath-Chisolm, Theresa; Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: U South Florida, Coll of Social & Behavioral Communication Sciences, Tampa, US. Title: Speechreading enhancement by voice fundamental frequency: The effects of F-sub-0 contour distortions. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Oct, v35 (n5):1160-1168. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Voice. Word Recognition. Pitch (Frequency). Deaf. Sentence Structure. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Sentence length & speechreading with vs without processed vs unprocessed vs quantized voice fundamental frequency, recognition of words, normal hearing 24-40 yr olds, implications for deaf. Abstract: Recognition of words in sentences of known topic was measured in 12 normally hearing adults (aged 24-40 yrs) via speechreading alone and speechreading supplemented with auditory presentation of signals intended to convey variations of voice fundamental frequency (F-sub-0) over time. Three signals were used: (1) the low-pass filtered output of an electroglottograph (unprocessed F-sub-0), (2) a constant amplitude sine wave whose instantaneous frequency was intended to equal that of F-sub-0 (processed F-sub-0), and (3) the same sine wave restricted to a small number of discrete frequency steps (quantized F-sub-0). As the number of steps in the quantized F-sub-0 contours increased from 1 to 12, the speechreading enhancement effect increased. The quantized F-sub-0 contour with 12 steps was as effective as the processed F-sub-0 contour (without quantization), but this processed contour was significantly less effective than the unprocessed electroglottograph signal. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 9. Author: Gesi, Antoinette T.; Massaro, Dominic W.; Cohen, Michael M. Affiliation: U California, Santa Cruz, US. Title: Discovery and expository methods in teaching visual consonant and word identification. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Oct, v35 (n5):1180-1188. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Discovery Teaching Method. Teaching Methods. Lipreading. Word Recognition. Retention. Syllables. College Students. Adulthood. Vowels. Consonants. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Learning. Key phrase: Discovery vs expository training, learning to lipread consonant vowel syllables & retention & transfer to monosyllabic words, normal hearing college students. Abstract: Investigated the effectiveness of discovery and expository training on learning to lip-read consonant-vowel (CV) syllables and the extent to which this training transfers to monosyllabic words. 26 college students with normal hearing were trained over 3 days to lip-read CV syllables using either the discovery or the expository method. Subjects learned with training, but there was no difference between the 2 learning methods. As a retention measure, Subjects returned 4 wks later and repeated the training. There were significant savings of the original learning. Three weeks after the retention phase, Subjects were tested with a 10-item forced-choice monosyllabic word task. Subjects who had extensive training on CV syllables did no better on identifying the monosyllabic words than did a control group of 9 Subjects with no training. Nevertheless, performance for all 3 groups (discovery, expository, and no training) improved during training in the word identification task. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 10. Author: Demorest, Marilyn E.; Bernstein, Lynne E. Affiliation: U Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, US. Title: Sources of variability in speechreading sentences: A generalizability analysis. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Aug, v35 (n4):876-891. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Sentences. Statistical Analysis. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Sources of variability in speechreading sentences, 16-37 yr olds, application of generalizability analysis. Abstract: Generalizability theory was used to estimate the percentage of variance explained by 3 sources of variability in speechreading sentences: the subject, the talker, and the sentence materials. Videodisc recordings of the 100 CID Everyday Sentences spoken by a male and a female talker were presented to 104 university students. For performance on individual sentences (total number of words correct), the most important systematic sources of variability were the sentence (26.3%), the speechreader (10.5%), the talker (4.9%), and the interaction of talker and sentence (50.1%). Residual error accounted for 51.2% of the variance. Generalizability functions are presented as a function of test length for 5 models of test administration and interpretation. For 10-, 50-, and 100-item lists, generalizability is predicted to be .70, .92, and .96, respectively, for a single talker. Psychometric characteristics of the recordings of the CID sentences are presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 11. Author: Repp, Bruno H.; Frost, Ram; Zsiga, Elizabeth. Affiliation: Haskins Labs, New Haven, CT, US. Title: Lexical mediation between sight and sound in speechreading. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1992 Jul, v45A (n1):1-20. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Signal Detection (Perception). Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Lexical Access. Adulthood. Words (Phonetic Units). Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Matching vs nonmatching word vs nonword utterance in simultaneous speech reading, lexical mediation in detection of speech in noise, adults. Abstract: Investigated whether simultaneous speech reading influences speech detection in envelope-matched noise in 2 experiments with 22 volunteers. Subjects attempted to detect the presence of a disyllabic utterance in noise while watching a speaker articulate a matching or nonmatching utterance. Speech detection was not facilitated by an audio-visual match, suggesting that Subjects relied on low-level auditory cues, the perception of which was immune to cross-modal, top-down influences. However, when stimuli were words, there was a relative shift in bias, suggesting that the masking noise itself was perceived as more speechlike when its envelope corresponded to the visual information. This bias shift was absent with nonword materials. Thus, the mapping from sight to sound was lexically mediated even when the cross-modal relationship was nonarbitrary. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 12. Author: Tyler, Richard S.; Opie, Jane M.; Fryauf-Bertschy, Holly; Gantz, Bruce J. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Future directions for cochlear implants. Special Issue: Cochlear implants. Source: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology, 1992 Jun, v16 (n2):151-164. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Deaf. Speech Perception. Social Interaction. Lipreading. Children. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Cochlear implants, speech production & perception & emotional outlook & social functions & lipreading, hearing impaired children & adults, implications for future development. Abstract: Reviews findings from adults and children using cochlear implants (CIs). Most studies found that adults and children with CIs are successful users. A method for measuring lipreading enhancement is presented by considering the percentage of possible enhancement. Prelingually deafened children with CIs are able to recognize some important speech features, although their progress is slow. Users of CIs are significantly less depressed, lonely, socially isolated, and suspicious following implantation; thus, CIs appear to contribute to the improved emotional outlook and social function of profoundly hearing-impaired patients. Future directions are identified for development of CIs in children and adults; these focus on improvements in understanding signals and noise, signal processing, optimal device adjustments, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 13. Author: Phillips, Agnes L. Affiliation: Montreal Oral School, PQ, Canada. Title: "Future directions for cochlear implants": Peer commentary. Special Issue: Cochlear implants. Source: Journal of Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology, 1992 Jun, v16 (n2):165-166. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cochlea. Prostheses. Deaf. Speech Perception. Social Interaction. Lipreading. Children. Professional Criticism. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Cochlear implants, speech production & perception & emotional outlook & social functions & lipreading, hearing impaired children & adults, implications for future development, commentary. Abstract: Comments on an article by R. S. Tyler et al (see PA, Vol 80:7202) regarding future directions for cochlear implants (CIs) and agrees that there is potential for impact for use of CIs in children. However, there are issues to overcome, such as lack of educational support for teachers and parents regarding long term use of CIs. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 14. DISSERTATION Author: MacDermaid, Catriona. Affiliation: U Surrey, Guildford, England. Title: Lipreading and language processing by deaf children. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1992 Apr, v52 (n10-B):5541. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Pictorial Stimuli. Language. Deaf. Spelling. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Lipreading vs pictorial stimuli, rhyme judgments & spelling errors, normal hearing vs deaf children. 15. Author: Tye-Murray, Nancy. Affiliation: U Iowa Hosps & Clinics, Dept of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Iowa City, US. Title: Preparing for communication interactions: The value of anticipatory strategies for adults with hearing impairment. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):430-435. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Perception. Interpersonal Communication. Partially Hearing Impaired. Instructional Media. Practice. Hearing Aids. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Workbook activities vs situation specific lipreading practice, speech recognition in communication interactions, normal hearing adults vs hearing impaired cochlear implant users. Abstract: Exp 1 evaluated the effectiveness of 2 types of anticipatory strategies: workbook activities and situation-specific lipreading practice. Two groups of 20 normal-hearing college students were asked to prepare for a communication interaction in a bank setting where they would be required to recognize speech using only the visual signal. A 3rd group of 10 Subjects were controls. Exp 2 evaluated whether multifaceted anticipatory practice improved 8 cochlear implant users' ability to recognize statements and words audiovisually that might occur in a doctor's office, bank, movie theater, and gas station. Eight Subjects with cochlear implants were controls. In both experiments, Subjects who used anticipatory strategies did not improve their performance on situation-specific sentence tests more than the control Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 16. Author: Lynch, Michael P.; Eilers, Rebecca E.; Pero, Patricia J. Affiliation: Purdue U, West Lafayette, IN, US. Title: Open-set word identification by an adult with profound hearing impairment: Integration of touch, aided hearing, and speechreading. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):443-449. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Perception. Hearing Aids. Lipreading. Word Recognition. Deaf. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactile & hearing aids & speechreading, word identification, deaf 36 yr old female. Abstract: A list was obtained of 735 words that a 36-yr-old woman with a profound hearing impairment failed to identify using any single modality: touch, with either the Tacticon 1600 ((TAN) a multichannel electrocutaneous vocoder) or the Tactaid II ((TAD) a 2-channel vibrotactile aid); aided hearing (AH); or speechreading (SP). To test integration, observed word identification performance in combined-modality conditions was compared with predicted performance calculated from single-modality scores. The Subject integrated speech information across modalities, with highest performance in the SP + TAN + AH and SP + TAD + AH conditions. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 17. Author: Reed, Charlotte M.; Rabinowitz, William M.; Durlach, Nathaniel I.; Delhorne, Lorraine A.; and others. Affiliation: Massachusetts Inst of Technology, Research Lab of Electronics, Cambridge, US. Title: Analytic study of the Tadoma method: Improving performance through the use of supplementary tactual displays. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):450-465. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Displays. Oral Communication. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tadoma method of tactual speech communication & supplementary tactual displays, speech discrimination, adults. Abstract: Three supplementary tactual displays (SPDs) were investigated: an articulatory-based display of tongue contact with the hard palate; a multichannel display of the short-term speech spectrum; and tactual reception of cued speech. The ability of laboratory-trained Subjects to discriminate pairs of speech segments that are highly confused through Tadoma was studied for each of the displays. The tongue-palate contact display was an effective supplement to Tadoma for improving discrimination of consonants, but neither the tongue-palate contact display nor the short-term spectral display was highly effective in improving vowel discriminability. For both vowel and consonant stimulus pairs, discriminability was nearly perfect for the tactual reception of the manual cues associated with Cued Speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 18. Author: IJsseldijk, Frans J. Affiliation: Inst voor Doven, Sint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands. Title: Speechreading performance under different conditions of video image, repetition, and speech rate. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Apr, v35 (n2):466-471. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Videotapes. Speech Rate. Deaf. Lipreading. School Age Children. Childhood. Adulthood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Video image vs repetition vs speech rate, speechreading, deaf 8-18 yr olds. Abstract: Speechreading was assessed under different conditions of video image, repetition, and speech rate in 3 experiments on 80 children (aged 8-18 yrs) who are deaf. In Exp 1, 3 different video images of testers (Entire-Face, 2/3 Profile, and Lips-Only,) did not result in significantly different scores. Exp 2 assessed which form of repetition (Entire-Face, 2/3 Profile, Lips-Only), after the first Entire-Face presentation had the biggest effect on improving speechreading performance. The 3 different forms of repetition appeared to lead to a similar significant improvement. In Exp 3, various speechreading stimuli were presented at 4 different speech rates. It appeared that these 4 speech rates did not significantly influence the speechreading scores. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 19. Author: Myslobodsky, Michael S.; Goldberg, Terry E.; Johnson, Fern; Hicks, Leslie; and others. Affiliation: Tel-Aviv U, Psychobiology Research Unit, Ramat-Aviv, Israel. Title: Lipreading in patients with schizophrenia. Source: Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 1992 Mar, v180 (n3):168-171. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Schizophrenia. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading performance, schizophrenic patients. Abstract: Explored whether schizophrenic patients who are able to maintain their gaze with adequate persistence could competently lip-read. Four lip-reading tests, designed to assess recognition of syllables, words, and overlearned sentences, were administered to 15 schizophrenic and 15 normal Subjects matched for age, sex (all but 2, males), and educational level. The patients proved to be competent lip-readers susceptible to the blend illusion and were inferior only in lip-reading of overlearned sentences. The latter difficulty may tentatively be attributed to the inadequacy of the patient's premorbid social network for establishing contextual cues that aid in the recognition of overlearned sentences. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 20. Author: Bernstein, Lynne E.; Demorest, Marilyn E.; Coulter, David C.; O'Connell, Michael P. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Ctr for Auditory & Speech Sciences, Washington, DC, US. Title: "Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders: Performance of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects": Erratum. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1992 Mar, v91 (n3):1772. References. Language: English. Pub type: Errata. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Vibrators (Apparatus). Medical Therapeutic Devices. Errata. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders, normal vs severely or profoundly hearing impaired 23-41 yr olds, erratum. Abstract: Reports an error in the original article by L. E. Bernstein et al ( Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991(Dec), Vol 90(6), 2971-2984). A footnote that was erroneously deleted during initial publication is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 79:28874.) Demonstrated similar transmission of vibrotactile speech information by the Gallaudet University linear (GULIN) vocoder and the Central Institute for the Deaf linear (CIDLIN) and logarithmic (CIDLOG) vocoders, when word-initial and word-final consonants were identified in tactile-only, forced-choice identifications. Significant differences emerged when Subjects performed an open-set TV sentence identification. Only Subjects using the GULIN vocoder achieved significantly enhanced lipreading of sentences. Extraction of information from the CIDLIN and CIDLOG vocoders might require more focused attention that is not possible when Subjects are required to lipread sentences. Subjects were assigned to 1 of the 3 vocoders or to a visual-only control group and included 9 normal-hearing and 4 severely or profoundly hearing-impaired adults. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 21. Author: Hygge, Staffan; Ronnberg, Jerker; Larsby, Birgitta; Arlinger, Stig. Affiliation: National Swedish Inst for Building Research, Gavle, Sweden. Title: Normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects' ability to just follow conversation in competing speech, reversed speech, and noise backgrounds. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1992 Feb, v35 (n1):208-215. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Distraction. Conversation. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Oral Communication. White Noise. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Competing forward vs reversed speech vs random white noise, ability to follow audiovisually vs audibly presented conversation, hearing impaired 18-62 yr olds. Abstract: Compared the performance on a conversation-following task by 24 hearing-impaired persons (HIPs) to that of 24 matched normal-hearing controls (NHCs) in the presence of 3 background noises: speech-spectrum random noise, a male voice, and the male voice played in reverse. Subjects were 17-62 yrs old. The task was to readjust the sound level of a female voice (signal), every time the signal voice was attenuated, to the subjective level at which it was just possible to understand what was being said. To assess the benefit of lipreading, half of the material was presented audiovisually and half audibly only. HIPs were equally affected by the 3 background noises, and the NHCs were less affected by the background speech than by noise. The performance of the NHCs was superior to that of the HIPs. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 22. Author: Updike, Claudia D.; Rasmussen, Joanne M.; Arndt, Roberta; German, Cathy. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: Revised Craig Lipreading Inventory. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1992 Feb, v74 (n1):267-277. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Norms. Test Forms. Lipreading. Inventories. Preschool Age Children. School Age Children. Test Validity. Test Reliability. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Psychometric properties of & normative data on short version of Craig Lipreading Inventory, normal hearing 3-8 yr olds. Abstract: Attempted to shorten the Craig Lipreading Inventory without affecting its validity and reliability and to establish normative data on the revised version. The full version was administered to 75 children (aged 3-8 yrs). Half of the items were selected to comprise the brief version; both versions were administered to another 75 aged-matched children. Scores of the 2 versions correlated positively, substantiating the construct validity of the brief version. The brief version also manifested high intertest reliability for Word Forms and Sequence Forms. Normative data were computed for each of the 3 age groups. Data indicate that the brief version is an efficient tool for evaluating lipreading ability of children. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 23. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: The relationship between verbal ability and sentence-based speechreading. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1992, v21 (n2):67-72. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vocabulary. Partially Hearing Impaired. Verbal Ability. Lexical Access. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Vocabulary size & lexical access & sentence based speechreading, hearing impaired adult males. Abstract: Examined the relationship between verbal ability and speechreading (SR) in 18 hearing-impaired Subjects. Verbal ability was assessed by 2 types of measure: a test of vocabulary size and 4 tests of lexical access speed. Results demonstrate that lexical access speed is related to SR performance. Vocabulary size was not directly related to the SR criterion; rather, its influence was in an indirect fashion via its relation to lexical access speed. Lexical access speed could be used as a diagnostic tool, so that when an individual demonstrates lexical access that is unreasonably slow, it could be an indication that rehabilitation programs should emphasize alternatives to SR. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1993 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 24. Author: Manning, Susan K.; Shofner, Elizabeth. Affiliation: City U New York, Hunter Coll, US. Title: Similarity ratings and confusability of lipread consonants compared with similarity ratings of auditory and orthographic stimuli. Source: American Journal of Psychology, 1991 Winter, v104 (n4):587-604. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Stimulus Similarity. Mental Confusion. Lipreading. Consonants. Stimulus Presentation Methods. Orthography. Auditory Stimulation. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Similarity ratings & confusability of pairs of lipread consonants, undergraduates, comparison with data on orthographically & auditorily presented consonants. Abstract: Obtained similarity ratings of pairs of lipread consonants from 51 undergraduates and constructed matrices showing mean similarity ratings and confusions among stimuli. Lipread data were compared with similarity ratings of orthographically and auditorily presented consonants collected by S. K. Manning (see PA, Vol 60:8658). These comparisons provide information about how stimulus similarity both within and between presentation formats may affect information processing of the 3 types of stimuli. There was the greatest degree of similarity in the orthographic alphabet, an intermediate degree in the lipread alphabet, and the lowest degree of similarity in the auditory alphabet. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 25. Author: Bernstein, Lynne E.; Demorest, Marilyn E.; Coulter, David C.; O'Connell, Michael P. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Ctr for Auditory & Speech Sciences, Washington, DC, US. Title: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders: Performance of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Dec, v90 (n6):2971-2984. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Vibrators (Apparatus). Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading sentences with vibrotactile vocoders, normal hearing vs severely or profoundly hearing impaired 23-41 yr olds. Abstract: Demonstrated similar transmission of vibrotactile speech information by the Gaulladet University linear (GULIN) vocoder and the Central Institute for the Deaf linear (CIDLIN) and logarithmic (CIDLOG) vocoders when word-initial and word-final consonants were identified in tactile-only, forced-choice identifications. Significant differences emerged when Subjects performed an open-set TV sentence identification. Only Subjects using the GULIN vocoder achieved significantly enhanced lipreading of sentences. Extraction of information from the CIDLIN and CIDLOG vocoders might require more focused attention that is not possible when Subjects are required to lipread sentences. Subjects were assigned to 1 of the 3 vocoders or to a visual-only control group and included 9 normal-hearing and 4 severely or profoundly hearing-impaired adults. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 26. DISSERTATION Author: Moore, John H. Affiliation: Council for National Academic Awards, London, England. Title: Digitizing human faces for the analysis and synthesis of visible speech. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1991 Nov, v52 (n5-B):2525. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Face (Anatomy). Lipreading. Computer Applications. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Digitizing & modeling human face on computer for visible speech analysis & synthesis, implications for training lip reading & parametric animation. 27. Author: Sekiyama, Kaoru; Tohkura, Yoh'ichi. Affiliation: Kanazawa U, Japan. Title: McGurk effect in non-English listeners: Few visual effects for Japanese subjects hearing Japanese syllables of high auditory intelligibility. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Oct, v90 (n4, Pt 1):1797-1805. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Japan. Cross Cultural Differences. Auditory Stimulation. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Illusions (Perception). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory & visual lip read speech perception, non-English culture McGurk illusion, female adults, Japan. Abstract: Investigated whether the McGurk effect (H. McGurk and J. MacDonald, 1976) can be extended to non-English cultures by presenting 10 female Japanese Subjects with an audio-visual stimulus every 7 sec and asking them to identify what they heard rather than saw. Subjects exhibited few McGurk illusions; the illusions that occurred depended on auditory intelligibility and the existence of noise. The Japanese McGurk effect was less easily induced than the English one. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 28. Author: Grant, Ken W.; Braida, Louis D.; Renn, Rebecca J. Affiliation: Walter Reed US Army Medical Ctr, Army Audiology & Speech Ctr, Washington, DC, US. Title: Single band amplitude envelope cues as an aid to speechreading. Special Issue: Hearing and speech. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1991 Aug, v43A (n3):621-645. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Speech Characteristics. Pitch (Frequency). Speech Perception. Cues. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Single band amplitude speech envelope cues, speechreading, normal hearing adults. Abstract: Investigated the potential benefit to speechreading (SR) when speech envelope cues were presented to 10 normal-hearing Subjects in 2 experiments. Three parameters related to envelope extraction and presentation were examined. Speech envelopes derived from low frequency speech regions rather than from wideband speech signals provided more benefit for smoothing filters up to 200 Hz, and tone carriers were better than noise carriers for conveying envelope signals. For envelopes derived from the 3,150 Hz prefilter conditions, lowering the carrier to 500 or 200 Hz significantly reduced SR performance. Finally, there was an effect for smoothing filter reductions below 200 Hz. Results suggest that amplitude envelope cues can benefit SR for both easy and difficult sentence materials, but frequency transposition of these signals to regions remote from their natural spectral locations may result in reduced performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 29. Author: Braida, Louis D. Affiliation: Massachusetts Inst of Technology, Research Lab of Electronics, Cambridge, US. Title: Crossmodal integration in the identification of consonant segments. Special Issue: Hearing and speech. Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1991 Aug, v43A (n3):647-677. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Mathematical Modeling. Lipreading. Consonants. Speech Therapy. Prostheses. Fuzzy Set Theory. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Optimal processing models for integration in speechreading consonant segments vs fuzzy logical model of perception, implications for prosthetic design. Abstract: Describes 2 optimal processing models for the types of integration that can be used in speechreading consonant segments and compares their predictions with those of D. W. Massaro's (1987) fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). In prelabeling integration, continuous sensory data are combined across modalities before response labels are assigned. In postlabeling integration, the responses that would be made under unimodal conditions are combined, and a joint response is derived from the pair. To describe prelabeling integration, confusion matrices are characterized by a multidimensional decision model that allows performance to be described by an Subject's sensitivity and bias in using continuous-valued cues. Measurements of multimodal accuracy in studies of consonant identification are more consistent with the predictions of the prelabeling integration model than the FLMP or the postlabeling model. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 30. Author: Yuhas, Ben P.; Goldstein, Moise H. Affiliation: Bellcore, Morristown, NJ, US. Title: Comparing human and neural network lip readers. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1991 Jul, v90 (n1):598-600. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vowels. Lipreading. Neural Networks. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Lipreading of vowels, neural networks vs adults. Abstract: Compared lip reading of vowels by neural networks and by human observers, using the same set of stimuli. Both the humans and the networks were required to identify the vowels being spoken by examining static visual images of a speaker's mouth. The humans and the neural networks performed similarly on the vowel labeling task. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 31. Author: Honnell, Sharon; Dancer, Jess; Gentry, Betholyn. Title: Age and speechreading performance in relation to percent correct, eyeblinks, and written responses. Source: Volta Review, 1991 May, v93 (n4):207-213. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Age Differences. Eyeblink Reflex. Written Communication. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Speechreading performance & eyeblinks & written responses, 20-29 vs 60-69 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the relationship between speechreading performance and eyeblinks in 14 younger Subjects (aged 20-29 yrs) and 14 older Subjects (aged 60-69 yrs). Speechreading performance of older Subjects on everyday sentence lists was significantly lower than that of younger Subjects in terms of percentage of words correct. Older Subjects wrote significantly fewer words on average in response to the speechreading task than did younger Subjects. No significant correlations were found between speechreading performance and eyeblinks in either group; however, there was a significant correlation between the number of written words and percent-correct speechreading scores in the older Subjects only. The lower performance scores of older Subjects are discussed in relation to caution, which may be characteristic of this population. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 32. DISSERTATION Author: Johnson, Fern M. Affiliation: Howard U, Washington, DC, US. Title: Personality, praxis, and speechreading: Their interrelations. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1991 Apr, v51 (n10-B):5067. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Personality Traits. Racial and Ethnic Differences. Handedness. Human Sex Differences. Age Differences. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Personality & handedness & race & sex & age, speechreading ability, normal hearing college students. 33. Author: de Gelder, Beatrice; Vroomen, Jean; Van der Heide, Lucienne. Affiliation: Tilburg U, Netherlands. Title: Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. Special Issue: Face recognition. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1991 Mar, v3 (n1):69-86. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Memory. Face Perception. Lipreading. Autism. Autistic Children. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Memory for unfamiliar faces & lipreading ability, autistic 6.5-16.3 yr olds. Abstract: Investigated whether autistic children were impaired in their recognition of facial identity and facial speech and whether there might be a link between the 2 processes. 17 autistic children (aged 6 yrs 6 mo to 16 yrs 4 mo) individually matched for mental age with 17 normal Subjects were tested on memory for unfamiliar faces and on lip-reading ability. Results show that autistic Subjects were poorer than controls in memory for faces but comparable to controls in lip-reading. Autistic Subjects showed little influence on their auditory speech perception from visual speech. Results were discussed in relation to V. Bruce and A. Young's (see PA, Vol 75:194) model of face recognition. The independence between facial speech and memory for faces is in accordance with this model but is only observed in autistic Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 34. Author: Shindo, Mitsuko; Kaga, Kimitaka; Tanaka, Yoshisato. Affiliation: Teiko U School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Title: Speech discrimination and lip reading in patients with word deafness or auditory agnosia. Source: Brain & Language, 1991 Feb, v40 (n2):153-161. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Lipreading. Aphasia. Agnosia. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Ability to discriminate speech by reading lips, 24-65 yr olds with word deafness or auditory agnosia. Abstract: Assessed the ability of 4 patients (aged 24-65 yrs) with word deafness or auditory agnosia to discriminate speech by reading lips. Subjects were studied using nonsense monosyllables to test for speech discrimination, a lip reading test, the Token Test for auditory comprehension, and an aphasia test. Results show that Subjects with word deafness or auditory agnosia without aphasia can improve speech comprehension by reading lips in combination with listening, as compared with lip reading or listening alone. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 35. Author: Pichora-Fuller, Margaret K.; Benguerel, Andre-Pierre. Affiliation: U British Columbia, School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Vancouver, Canada. Title: The design of CAST (Computer-Aided Speechreading Training). Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1991 Feb, v34 (n1):202-212. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Computer Applications. Rehabilitation. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Goals & design & implementation of Computer-Aided Speechreading Training as rehabilitation program, preretirement adults with mild to moderate hearing loss. Abstract: Describes the underlying theoretical assumptions, goals, design, and implementation of the CAST system as a case study in program design. This computerized speech-reading assessment and training system simulates face-to-face intervention and is designed to be one component of a comprehensive aural rehabilitation program for preretirement adults with acquired mild-to-moderate hearing loss. The interactive, automated course consists of 8 training lessons, each focusing on a particular viseme. Three basic speech-reading skills are emphasized: visual speech perception, use of linguistic redundancy, and use of feedback between message sender and receiver. The skills are evaluated separately via CAST tracking rate, receiver strategy, and inferred error type. Example case assessments illustrate the potential applications of CAST as a standardizable rehabilitative tool. Comparisons between CAST and face-to-face procedures are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 36. Author: Gagne, Jean-Pierre; Dinon, Dianne; Parsons, Joanne. Affiliation: U Western Ontario, Elborn Coll, London, Canada. Title: An evaluation of CAST: A Computer-Aided Speechreading Training program. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1991 Feb, v34 (n1):213-221. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Computer Applications. Synthetic Speech. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Program Evaluation. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Evaluation of Computer-Aided Speechreading Training program, development of synthetic visual speech perception skills, normal hearing 20-30 yr olds. Abstract: Assessed the effectiveness of CAST with 2 groups of 8 normal-hearing adults (aged 20-30 yrs) who completed a pretraining visual speech perception test protocol that consisted of the Visual Consonant Identification Test (J.-P. Gagne et al, unpublished), tests of sentence understanding with and without context, and a semiautomated modified continuous discourse tracking activity available with CAST. One group completed the CAST program. A posttraining test protocol was administered to Subjects 2 wks following the maximum time provided to complete the training program (i.e., 10 wks). Significant differences between the groups were found for the total word recognition score on the test of sentence understanding with context and the CAST modified continuous discourse tracking activity. Results indicate that CAST was most effective in developing aspects of synthetic visual speech perception skills. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 37. Author: Demorest, Marilyn E.; Bernstein, Lynne E. Affiliation: U Maryland-Baltimore County, US. Title: Computational explorations of speechreading. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1991, v24:97-111. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Speech Perception. Cognitive Processes. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Computational approach to description of speechreading performance, normal hearing adults. Abstract: Presents a computational approach to describing speechreading performance, using a database obtained from 139 Subjects with normal hearing who viewed videodisc recordings of the CID Everyday Sentences (H. Davis and S. R. Silverman, 1970) spoken by a male and a female talker. Four methods of scoring were employed: sentences correct, words correct, phonemes correct, and a measure of visual distance between the stimulus and response. The latter 2 measures were based on a sequence comparator that aligns stimulus and response phonemes to permit phonemic scoring of sentences. New techniques for describing normative performance on individual sentences are presented (sentence histograms, response distributions, and a response uncertainty function) and the 4 measures of Subjects' performance are compared. The usefulness of the descriptive methods for suggesting hypotheses about perceptual and cognitive processes in speechreading is also illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 38. Author: Gagne, Jean-Pierre; Tugby, Kenneth G.; Michaud, Jocelyne. Affiliation: U Western Ontario, Elborn Coll Hearing Health Care Research Unit, London, Canada. Title: Development of a S peechreading T est on the U tilization of C ontextual C ues (STUCC): Preliminary findings with normal-hearing subjects. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1991, v24:157-170. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Construction. Contextual Associations. Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Development of Speechreading Test on Utilization of Contextual Cues, normal hearing female 18-30 yr olds, implications for hearing impaired. Abstract: Conducted a preliminary investigation leading to the development of STUCC. 396 prospective test items were administered to 30 normal-hearing women (aged 18-30 yrs). Test items consisted of an introductory sentence and a test sentence. Each test sentence was paired with an unrelated and a related introductory sentence. Difference scores (for cognate pairs of related and unrelated test sentences) were computed, and the internal consistency of the STUCC was examined. The 198 pairs of test sentences yielded a coefficient alpha of .75. The elimination of 94 pairs of test sentences increased the coefficient alpha to .94. Findings suggest that the introductory sentences in the related pairs provided contextual cues that enhanced speechreading performance. Further development of the STUCC seems warranted to determine its applicability to adults with an acquired hearing loss. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 39. Author: Johansson, Karina; Ronnberg, Jerker; Lyxell, Bjorn. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Contrasting subjective judgement and objective tests in the hearing-impaired. Source: Scandinavian Audiology, 1991, v20 (n2):91-99. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Partially Hearing Impaired. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Aged. Verbal Ability. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Subjective measurement of everyday listening problems vs objective tests of speechreading & verbal ability, moderately hearing impaired 32-74 yr olds. Abstract: Measured 21 moderately hearing-impaired persons' (aged 32-74 yrs) subjectively experienced problems in everyday listening, using a hearing performance inventory (HPI). HPI rating data show that the greatest problems were experienced on the dimensions "understanding speech without visual cues" and "perceived intensity" of sounds. "Understanding speech with visual cues" has a high positive correlation with both "social situation" and "work situation" dimensions, whereas "understanding speech without visual cues" correlates with "social" and "personal situation." Data suggest that vocabulary and social skills should be the focus during communicative training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 40. Author: Lyxell, Bjorn; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Visual speech processing: Word-decoding and word-discrimination related to sentence-based speechreading and hearing-impairment. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1991, v32 (n1):9-17. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Word Recognition. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Word decoding & discrimination & sentence based speechreading, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Tested 2 aspects of visual speech processing in speechreading: word decoding (WDE) and word discrimination (WDI) among 24 normal hearing and 20 hearing-impaired persons. WDE and WDI performance were independent of factors related to the impairment, both in a quantitative and a qualitative sense. DE skill was associated with sentence-based speechreading. Results were interpreted such that, to represent a critical component process in sentence-based speechreading, the visual speech perception task must entail lexically induced processing as a task demand. The theoretical status of the WDE task as 1 operationalization of a speech DE module was discussed. An error analysis of performance in the word decoding/discrimination tasks suggested that the perceptions of heard stimuli and lipped stimuli were critically dependent on the same feature: the temporally initial phonetic segment of the word. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 41. Author: Samuelsson, Stefan; Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Script activation in lipreading. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1991, v32 (n2):124-143. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Abstraction. Lipreading. Contextual Associations. Schema. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Activation of scripted information & abstraction & context in lipreading tasks, college students, Sweden. Abstract: Investigated the roles of script, basic, and low-level contexts in lipreading when the stimulus sentences correspond to either the low-level (Exp 1) or to both the basic and low-level of abstraction (Exps 2 and 3). Subjects were 100 university students. Results do not support the idea of a single optimal level of abstraction. Findings also indicate that the directions of inferences are asymmetric. By controlling for the potential confounding effects by pure visual information (conveyed by lipreading) and pure script-based guessing, it was found that neither of these 2 baselines was sufficiently high to explain their interactive effects. Findings suggest that the particular context determines the level of activation of scripted information. A predictive script activation mechanism, relevant to lipreading skill, is suggested. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 42. Author: Tye-Murray, Nancy; Purdy, Suzanne C.; Woodworth, George C.; Tyler, Richard S. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Effects of repair strategies on visual identification of sentences. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 1990 Nov, v55 (n4):621-627. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Oral Communication. Verbal Ability. Lipreading. Sentence Comprehension. Visual Perception. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Key phrase: Repair strategies, ability to lipread misperceived sentence, 15-43 yr olds. Abstract: Examined whether information elicited by repair strategies enhanced 54 15-43 yr old Subjects' ability to lipread a misperceived sentence. Subjects were divided into 5 test groups and 1 control group. Test groups were assigned 1 of 5 repair strategies: asking the talker (1) to repeat a sentence, (2) simplify it, (3) rephrase it, (4) say an important keyword, and (5) speak 2 sentences. Six talkers presented sentences. When an Subject did not recite a sentence verbatim, the talker performed the assigned repair strategy and repeated the original sentence. Controls saw only the original sentence repeated twice. Test groups demonstrated significantly greater improvement. Repair strategy effects were independent of the talker and did not differ significantly among groups. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 43. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker. Affiliation: U Linkoping, Sweden. Title: Cognitive and communicative function: The effects of chronological age and "handicap age." Special Issue: Cognitive gerontology. Source: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1990 Sep, v2 (n3):253-273. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Age Differences. Verbal Ability. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Memory. Long Term Memory. Short Term Memory. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Age & duration of impairment, short & long term memory & verbal ability & visual speechreading, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Administered 3 classes of cognitive tests (short-term memory, long-term memory access/recall, and verbal ability) and 1 class of communicative tests (visual speech-reading) to 49 hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 50.4 yrs) and 69 normal Subjects (mean age 48.8 yrs). When db-loss and duration of handicap were partialled out, the negative effects of cognitive aging remained: Speed in accessing alphanumeric symbols from long-term memory and as rehearsal speed correlated substantially with chronological age. Discriminant analyses revealed a communality between the discrimination of old from young Subjects, and skilled from less skilled speech readers. Visual decoding skill and rehearsal speed constituted the common discriminators. An age-dependent componential model of visual speech-reading is delineated, with particular reference to the assumption that a temporally early lexical access system is crucial to the decoding of lip movements. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 44. Author: Updike, Claudia D.; Albertson, Roberta L.; German, Cathy M.; Ward, Joanne M. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: Evaluation of the Craig Lipreading Inventory. Source: Perceptual & Motor Skills, 1990 Jun, v70 (n3, Pt 2):1271-1282. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Test Validity. Test Reliability. Preschool Age Children. School Age Children. Childhood. Population terms: Human. Child. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Validity & reliability of Craig Lipreading Inventory, normal hearing 3-8 yr olds. Abstract: Administered W. N. Craig's (1964) Lipreading Inventory (LRI) to 150 children (aged 3-8 yrs) to evaluate the internal validity and intertest reliability and to obtain normative data. Internal consistency was very high for each subtest. Significant correlations were obtained among subtests. Significant differences in scores were noted for the 3 age groups (3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 yrs), indicating the need for standards at each age group. Preliminary Z -scores and percentile ranks were computed for each age group. Thus, the LRI is a reliable tool for assessing lipreading ability in children. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 45. Author: Silverman, S. Richard; Kricos, Patricia B. Affiliation: Washington U, St Louis, MO, US. Title: Speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1990 May, v92 (n4):22-32. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. History. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speechreading from historical perspective. Abstract: Provides a historical perspective on speechreading (SPR). Major developments in the conceptualization of SPR are highlighted, and factors that may influence speechreading performance are discussed. A review of SPR training and evaluation methods and their underlying principles is presented. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 46. Author: Ronnberg, Jerker; Arlinger, Stig; Lyxell, Bjorn; Kinnefors, Catharina. Affiliation: Linkoping U, Sweden. Title: Visual evoked potentials: Relation to adult speechreading and cognitive function. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1989 Dec, v32 (n4):725-735. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Evoked Potentials. Lipreading. Cognitive Ability. Partially Hearing Impaired. Hearing Disorders. Aged. Congenitally Handicapped. Adolescence. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Relation of visual EPs to speech reading & cognitive function, severely congenitally hearing impaired adolescents & adults & elderly with presbyacusis, replication. Abstract: Attempted to replicate the early work of D. C. Shepherd et al (see PA, Vol 60:10895), indicating that the speed of the visual-neural (VN) response VN 130 was a critical indicator of speechreading skill. In Study 1, 33 severely, congenitally hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 17 yrs) took 2 visually based tests, while 18 Subjects with presbyacusis (mean age 71 yrs) and 12 Subjects with normal hearing (mean age 33 yrs) took 2 visually based speechreading tests (without auditory component). In Study 2, 20 hearing-impaired Subjects (mean age 48 yrs) were tested on word discrimination; the context-bound, sentence based speechreading tests (without auditory component); and 3 tests of cognitive function. Results do not replicate the findings of Shepherd et al. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 47. Author: Farrimond, Thomas. Affiliation: U Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Title: Effect of encouragement on performance of young and old subjects on a task involving lipreading. Source: Psychological Reports, 1989 Dec, v65 (n3, Pt 2):1247-1250. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Age Differences. Encouragement. Lipreading. Numbers (Numerals). Sentences. Aged. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Age & encouragement, performance on lipreading task with numbers vs sentences, male 23-79 yr olds. Abstract: Differences in the effect of encouragement on performance between young and old lipreaders may be related to both age and cultural factors. Two tests of lipreading ability, one using numbers and the other, sentences including visual cues, were given to 110 men (aged 40+ yrs) and 70 men (less than 40 yrs). Requests to guess produced a higher mean score for the older Subjects on the lipreading tests containing the greater amount of information. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 48. Author: Warren, Yolanda; Dancer, Jess; Monfils, Barbara; Pittenger, John. Affiliation: U Arkansas for Medical Sciences, US. Title: The practice effect in speechreading distributed over five days: Same versus different CID sentence lists. Source: Volta Review, 1989 Dec, v91 (n7):321-325. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Practice. Lipreading. Sentences. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Practice on same vs different sentences, speechreading, normal hearing & sighted 18-30 yr olds. Abstract: 20 normal-hearing and sighted adults (aged 18-30 yrs) were tested on Harris' Revised Central Institute for the Deaf Everyday Sentence Lists (S. Wilson et al; see PA, Vol 72:27057). Half of the Subjects practiced each day on the same sentence list, and half practiced on different lists. Both groups significantly improved their speechreading over 5 days. Practice effects must be extracted from training effects before the efficacy of training methods and materials can be evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 49. Author: Mead, Robert A.; Lapidus, Leah B. Affiliation: Columbia U, Teachers Coll, NY, US. Title: Psychological differentiation, arousal, and lipreading efficiency in hearing-impaired and normal children. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1989 Nov, v45 (n6):851-859. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cognitive Style. Physiological Arousal. Auditory Acuity. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. School Age Children. Childhood. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Child. Adolescent. Key phrase: Psychological differentiation & psychophysiological arousal & hearing capacity & lipreading efficiency, 7-14.2 yr olds with vs without hearing loss. Abstract: Psychological differentiation, psychophysiological arousal, hearing capacity, and ability to lipread unrelated sentences presented in a silent film were investigated in 62 children (aged 84-170 mo). Subjects were classified into 3 hearing categories (normal, mild to moderate hearing loss, and severe hearing loss) and were administered the Rod and Frame Test, a lipreading inventory, and skin conductance measures under 2 conditions (pretask and task). The ability to lipread sentences from a film was significantly related to psychological differentiation (cognitive style) and pretask conductance level, but was not related to hearing capacity or task conductance level. The best predictors of lipreading ability were successful performance on the Rod and Frame Test and high increases in skin conductance from pretask to task situation. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 50. DISSERTATION Author: MacLeod, Alison. Affiliation: U Nottingham, England. Title: Effective methods for measuring lipreading skills. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1989 Oct, v50 (n4-A):828. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Thresholds. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Visual speech reception thresholds, measurement & lipreading ability. 51. Author: Benguerel, Andre-Pierre; Pichora-Fuller, Margaret K. Affiliation: U British Columbia, School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Vancouver, Canada. Title: MIMILLE: une methode interactive micro-informatisee de labio-lecture. / MIMILLE: A computer-aided speechreading training and assessment system for French speakers. Source: Audiology, 1989 Sep-Oct, v28 (n5):284-294. References. Language: French. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Computer Assisted Instruction. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: MIMILLE interactive computer aided methodology for lipreading instruction, French speaking adults with hearing impairment. Abstract: Describes the Methode Interactive Micro-Informatisee de Labio-Lecture (MIMILLE) (Microcomputer-Aided, Interactive Lip-Reading Method)--an interactive computer-aided methodology for teaching lipreading. MIMILLE consists of computer software for a microcomputer and videotapes. It is designed for adults who have become hearing impaired after having learned to speak, although it could be adapted for other types of hearing impairment. The structure of the lessons and the results of preliminary evaluations are considered. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 52. Author: Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: City U New York, Graduate School & University Ctr, US. Title: Developing and evaluating a tactile speechreading aid. Source: Volta Review, 1989 Sep, v91 (n5):101-112. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Tactual Displays. Pitch (Frequency). Lipreading. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Presentation of voice fundamental frequency with tactile device, speechreading, adults deafened postlingually. Abstract: Tested the hypothesis that tactile presentation of voice fundamental frequency (VFF) can be as effective as auditory presentation as an aid to speechreading, using a device that presents VFF as position of tactile stimulation of the arm. After training with the device, postlingually deafened adults experienced a reduction of speechreading error of between 25 and 50%. This is encouraging, though not as good as the 40-80% reduction of error experienced by normal-hearing adults presented with VFF auditorially. Results of phonetic-level and psychophysical experiments suggest that some of the information the tactile device provides could be conveyed by a single vibrator, but that a 16-channel display is probably more effective. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 53. Author: Campbell, Ruth; Wright, Helen. Affiliation: U Oxford, England. Title: Immediate memory in the orally trained deaf: Effects of "lipreadability" in the recall of written syllables. Source: British Journal of Psychology, 1989 Aug, v80 (n3):299-312. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Consonants. Lipreading. Memory. Syllables. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Written Communication. Adolescence. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Consonant "lipreadability", immediate recall of written lists of consonant vowel form syllables, orally trained born deaf adolescents. Abstract: Immediate recall of written lists was compared in 30 strictly orally trained born-deaf teenagers and in 3 age groups of 98 hearing controls. The lists were of syllables of consonant-vowel form (e.g., SHA NA ZA DA). The deaf Subjects showed a significant effect of consonant "lipreadability." Syllable lists containing consonants like D, SH and Z whose place of articulation is not visibly distinctive and which are therefore hard to lipread are less well recalled than syllable lists containing consonants like F, TH, and B, which are produced with the tongue, teeth and lips in visible configuration. Hearing Subjects showed no lipreadability effect. Reading-age matched controls (aged 8-10 yrs) showed a significantly shorter span for both list types than the deaf group. Deaf Subjects may have used a phonological code qualitatively different from that used by hearing Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 54. Author: Cowan, R. S.; Alcantara, J. I.; Whitford, L. A.; Blamey, P. J.; and others. Affiliation: U Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hosp, Vict, Australia. Title: Speech perception studies using a multichannel electrotactile speech processor, residual hearing, and lipreading. Source: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1989 Jun, v85 (n6):2593-2607. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Hearing Disorders. Speech Perception. Lipreading. Tactual Displays. Auditory Perception. Medical Therapeutic Devices. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Tactile information & degraded auditory input with vs without lipreading, speech discrimination, 20-27 yr old normal hearing females vs 25 & 30 & 46 yr old hearing impaired males. Abstract: Conducted 3 studies with 4 normal-hearing women (aged 20-27 yrs), trained on an electrotactile speech processor (ETSP), and 3 hearing-impaired (HI) men (aged 25, 30, and 46 yrs) to define the HI population who may be helped by using an ETSP in combination with residual hearing (RH) and lipreading (LR). Information presented through an ETSP provided extra clues for feature recognition of vowels and consonants. With training, Subjects integrated the extra feature information provided by the ETSP with that provided by RH or RH plus LR to improve speech discrimination performance on open-set words, sentences, and speechtracking. ETSP could be useful for patients with no usable RH and for severely to profoundly HI hearing aid users. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 55. Author: Engle, Randall W.; Cantor, Judy; Turner, Marilyn L. Affiliation: U South Carolina, Columbia, US. Title: Modality effects: Do they fall on deaf ears? Source: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 1989 May, v41 (n2-A):273-292. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Recall (Learning). Oral Communication. Lipreading. Speech Perception. Deaf. Memory. Auditory Stimulation. Free Recall. Serial Learning. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Oral reading vs silent mouthing, serial & free recall performance, deaf vs hearing college students, test of Precategorical Acoustic Store theory. Abstract: Tests the assumption of the Precategorical Acoustic Store (PAS) theory of echoic memory (R. L. Greene and R. G. Crowder; see PA, Vol 72:8527) that the representation of acoustic features is necessary in producing modality effects. Performance by 40 deaf college students was compared to 40 hearing college students on serial and free-recall tasks with vocalizing and nonvocalizing conditions. For the serial tasks, typical modality and acoustic similarity effects were observed with hearing Subjects, and no such effects were found with deaf Subjects. However, for the free-recall task, modality effects were found for both deaf and hearing Subjects. It is unlikely that phonological coding resulting from gestural cues mediates the modality effect, as phonological confusion errors for deaf and hearing Subjects did not correlate with the size of this effect. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 56. Author: Spradlin, Kelly; Dancer, Jess; Monfils, Barbara. Affiliation: Private practice (Clinical Audiology), Ft Smith, AR, US. Title: Effects of verbal encouragement on self-ratings of lipreading performance. Source: Volta Review, 1989 May, v91 (n4):209-216. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Verbal Reinforcement. Lipreading. Self Report. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Verbal encouragement, self rated lipreading performance, 28-32 yr olds. Abstract: Examined the effects of verbal encouragement (VE) on lipreading performance scores and on self-ratings of performance in 32 adults (aged 28-32 yrs) with normal hearing and vision. Subjects completed 2 tests of a lipreading task. On the 2nd test, 16 Subjects received VE. Subjects who received VE gave themselves higher self-ratings even though lipreading scores did not improve significantly over the 2 tests for either group. Subjects' initial self-ratings did not correlate significantly with their Test 1 performance scores. However, after the tests, both groups showed significant relationships between their ratings and their performance on Test 2. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 57. Author: Thorn, Frank; Thorn, Sondra. Affiliation: New England Coll of Optometry, Boston, MA, US. Title: Speechreading with reduced vision: A problem of aging. Source: Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1989 Apr, v6 (n4):491-499. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Acuity. Vision Disorders. Physiological Aging. Lipreading. Partially Hearing Impaired. Speech Perception. Deaf. Aged. Very Old. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Elderly. Key phrase: Dioptric blur & age, speech reading, normal hearing 22-37 yr olds vs hearing impaired 21-87 yr olds with vs without visual pathologies. Abstract: Tested the ability of 15 hearing Subjects (aged 22-37 yrs) and 10 hearing-impaired Subjects (aged 21-77 yrs) to understand sentences spoken by an actress without sound. The actress was viewed through various amounts of dioptric blur. Data from 2 hearing impaired Subjects with visual pathologies (aged 66 and 87 yrs) were also studied. Findings indicate that dioptric blur had relatively little effect on the speechreading performance of both hearing and hearing-impaired Subjects. Ocular pathologies, however, altered the effect of blur on speechreading. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 58. Author: Scott, Lawrence C.; Metz, Dale E.; Rohland, Pamela; Samar, Vincent J. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf Communication Div, NY, US. Title: A cognitive/experiential approach to aural rehabilitation. Source: American Annals of the Deaf, 1989 Mar, v134 (n1):27-29. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Rehabilitation. Communication Skills. Partially Hearing Impaired. Communication Skills Training. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Cognitive experiential speechreading course in aural rehabilitation, communication skills, hearing impaired students. Abstract: Describes a cognitive/experiential speechreading course designed to provide hearing-impaired students with real-life communication experiences. The course, a supplement to traditional speechreading courses, was assessed with a self-evaluation questionnaire completed by 30 students who took the 10-wk course and by 30 controls. Results indicate that the course was effective in increasing student self-perceptions of communication success in real-life situations. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 59. Author: Lalande, Nicole M.; Lafleur, Ginette; Lacouture, Yves S. Affiliation: U Montreal, Ecole d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, PQ, Canada. Title: Developpement d'une epreuve franco-quebecoise de lecture labiale. / Development of a speech-reading test for the French population in Quebec. Source: Audiology, 1989 Mar-Apr, v28 (n2):71-81. References. Language: French. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Construction. Lipreading. Screening Tests. Foreign Languages. Canada. Test Validity. Rehabilitation. Aurally Handicapped. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Development & validity of speechreading screening test, French speaking 20-33 yr olds, Canada, implications for rehabilitation of noise induced hearing loss. Abstract: Studied the development and validation of a speech-reading screening test for French-speaking Canadians with noise-induced hearing loss. Human subjects: 30 male and female Canadian adults (aged 20-33 yrs). All Subjects had 20/20 vision, normal bilateral hearing, and were unable to read lips. Subjects were presented with a videotape of a person speaking and were asked to select the key words in each sentence that the person said. A familiarization list of 8 French sentences and 2 test lists of 25 French sentences each were used; the sentences contained 36, 106, and 103 key words, respectively. The results were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The sentence lists are provided. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 60. Author: Rosen, Stuart; Walliker, John; Brimacombe, Judith A.; Edgerton, Bradly J. Affiliation: U London, University Coll, England. Title: Prosodic and segmental aspects of speech perception with the House/3M single-channel implant. Source: Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 1989 Mar, v32 (n1):93-111. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Hearing Aids. Inflection. Speech Perception. Consonants. Aurally Handicapped. Auditory Perception. Lipreading. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Auditory perception of speech prosody & consonants with vs without lipreading, profoundly deaf female 21-59 yr old users of House/3M single channel cochlear implant. Abstract: Tested 4 profoundly deaf female users (aged 21-59 yrs) of the House/3M single-channel cochlear implant for their ability to label question and statement intonation contours (by auditory means alone) and to identify a set of 12 intervocalic consonants (with and without lipreading). In consonant identification, lipreading alone scores were always inferior to those obtained by lipreading with the implant. Phonetic feature analyses showed that the major effect of using the implant was to increase the transmission of voicing information. Place of articulation was poorly identified from the auditory signal alone. Results are best explained by supposing that Subjects used the relatively gross temporal information found in the stimulating waveforms (periodicity, randomness, and silence) in a linguistic fashion. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 61. DISSERTATION Author: Hanin, Laurie. Affiliation: City U New York, US. Title: The effect of experience and linguistic context on speechreading. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 1989 Feb, v49 (n8-B):3083-3084. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Experience Level. Contextual Associations. Linguistics. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: Experience & linguistic context, speechreading competence, deaf adults. 62. Author: Updike, Claudia D. Affiliation: Ball State U, Muncie, IN, US. Title: The ReSULT: The revised shortened Utley Sentence Lipreading Test. Source: Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 1989, v22:43-53. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Test Reliability. Lipreading. Test Forms. Consistency (Measurement). Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Internal consistency & reliability of revised shortened Utley Sentence Lipreading Test, college students. Abstract: Evaluated the reliability of a shortened version of Part II of the Utley Sentence Lipreading Test (ULT). 299 normal-hearing college students served as Subjects. 20 sentences from the ULT were selected via item analysis as being most highly correlated with the total score. Significant correlations were obtained between the ReSULT and the ULT, and between the 2 forms of the ReSULT. High internal consistency and test-retest reliability were established. The ReSULT is a reliable alternative to the ULT. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 63. Author: Gosy, Maria. Affiliation: Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Nyelvtudomanyi Intezete, Budapest, Hungary. Title: A vizualis eszleles hatasa a beszedpercepciora. / The effect of visual perception on speech perception. Source: Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle, 1989, v45 (n5):465-481. References. Language: Hungarian. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Visual Perception. Speech Perception. Lipreading. White Noise. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Adult. Key phrase: White noise masking &/or visual presentation of speaker's lip movements &/or word tables, speech perception, college students, Hungary. Abstract: Studied the role of visual perception in speech perception, using logatoms (meaningless sound sequences of 2-syllable words). Human Subjects: 40 normal Hungarian college and university students. Five experiments were conducted with 8 Subjects each. Two tables each containing 30 logatoms were used. The logatoms were transferred to magnetic tape, and facial (lip) movements that a speaker made while verbalizing the logatoms were videotaped. The logatoms were selectively masked by white noise. Subjects repeated the logatoms after hearing the taped logatoms from the 1st table with or without a noise (perception hampering); simultaneously seeing the speaker's lip movements with or without using the 2nd table of logatoms (hearing and seeing the same words or different words simultaneously); and writing words (nonspoken words) and comparing them with another series of taped words. Results concerning auditory and visual perception, normal communication parameters, speech recognition and identification, and the process of decoding speech are presented. (English & Russian abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 64. Author: French-St. George, Marilyn; Stoker, Richard G. Affiliation: Decibel Communication, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Title: Speechreading: An historical perspective. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):17-31. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. History. Deaf. Aurally Handicapped. Special Education. Rehabilitation. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: History of & educational issues in speechreading, deaf. Abstract: Discusses the history since the 16th century of attempts to teach speechreading to the deaf. The issues addressed concern the theoretical possibility of teaching speechreading, the influence of linguistic context on speechreading, and the integration of the visual speech signal with input from other sensory modalities. It is noted that after 5 centuries of providing education and rehabilitation to hearing-impaired individuals, there is still no comprehensive understanding of the speechreading process. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 65. Author: Palmer, Linda. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf Communication Program, NY, US. Title: Speechreading as communication. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):33-42. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Communication Skills Training. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speechreading communication skills, severely & profoundly hearing impaired. Abstract: Argues that to become efficient and effective communicators, severely and profoundly hearing-impaired individuals need the opportunity to practice communication skills in the context of real-life situations. Although speechreading has traditionally been thought of in the narrow sense of training an individual's perception of spoken language, how that person functions in the real world using this skill is equally important. Part of communication competence lies in understanding nonverbal cues, making communication needs known, and using alternative strategies. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 66. Author: Dodd, Barbara; Burnham, Denis. Affiliation: Macquarie U, Speech, Hearing & Language Research Ctr, North Ryde, NSW, Australia. Title: Processing speechread information. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):45-60. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Cognitive Processes. Human Information Storage. Infants. Childhood. Adulthood. Population terms: Human. Child. Adult. Key phrase: Processing & retrieval of speechread information, normal hearing infants & adults. Abstract: Discusses the processing of speechread information in normal-hearing adults as regards selective adaptation, retrieval from immediate memory, and repetition priming. The mental representation of speech by hearing-impaired Subjects is discussed with regard to phonological development in prelingual hearing impairment. Normal-hearing children's mental representation of speech was reflected in observations of 21 infants (aged 8-54 wks) who in response to speechread stimuli exhibited vocalization, attention fixation, avoidance, and flapping. Results indicate that normal-hearing infants can process speechread information at approximately 20 wks of age. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 67. Author: Karp, Adrienne. Affiliation: New York Lighthouse, US. Title: Reduced vision and speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):61-74. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Vision Disorders. Lipreading. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Vision disorders, speechreading performance, hearing impaired. Abstract: Provides the speechreading instructor with information about vision by describing eye disorders most likely to be experienced by a hearing-impaired person and how they might interfere with speechreading performance. Recommendations are made for assisting people enrolled in speechreading programs who have impaired vision as well as hearing loss. It is suggested that research needs to be done concerning (1) the influence of residual hearing on the development of speechreading skills, (2) the consequences of specific eye disorders on the ability to differentiate lip movements, and (3) the effects of age-related vision changes on speechreading performance. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 68. Author: Boothroyd, Arthur. Affiliation: City U New York, Graduate School & University Ctr, US. Title: Linguistic factors in speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):77-87. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Linguistics. Visual Perception. Aurally Handicapped. Oral Communication. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Linguistic factors in visual perception of spoken language, normal hearing & hearing impaired persons. Abstract: Discusses the visual perception of spoken language and the use of linguistic context to compensate for the poor visibility of some speech movements. The sources of linguistic redundancy are discussed to illustrate the use of pragmatic, topical, semantic, syntactic, lexical, and phonological constraints in the interpretation of the speechread message. It is suggested that the greatest enhancement of speechreading performance comes from the syntactic, semantic, and topical constraints imposed by the sentence context. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 69. Author: Lesner, Sharon A. Affiliation: U Akron, OH, US. Title: The talker. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):89-98. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Verbal Comprehension. Speech Characteristics. Oral Communication. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Speech & speaker characteristics, speechreadability. Abstract: Argues that several factors contribute to speechreadability. Desirable traits include a slightly slower-than-normal rate of speaking, precise articulation, appropriate gestures, and inclusion of appropriate pauses. Traits that may not be modifiable include facial structure and articulators that detract from visibility. It is suggested that the choice of talker can significantly influence the outcome of speechreading studies, visual communication training, and performance on speechreading tests. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 70. Author: Jackson, Pamela L. Affiliation: Northern Illinois U, De Kalb, US. Title: The theoretical minimal unit for visual speech perception: Visemes and coarticulation. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):99-115. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Phonology. Verbal Comprehension. Visual Perception. Oral Communication. Vowels. Consonants. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Visual characteristics of vowels & consonants, visual perception of spoken language, implications for aural rehabilitation. Abstract: Discusses the visual characteristics of vowels and consonants and suggests that for diagnosis and treatment, understanding the features of speech that contribute to visual speech perception is critical for being able to predict perceptual confusions, to describe errors, and to order those errors hierarchically to provide the sequence for auditory or visual receptive training at an analytical level. The visual analog of the auditory unit phoneme is the viseme or speechreading movements, which is defined as any recognizable visual motor pattern usually common to two or more speech sounds. Specific viseme groupings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 71. Author: Tyler, Richard S.; Tye-Murray, Nancy; Lansing, Charissa R. Affiliation: U Iowa, Iowa City, US. Title: Electrical stimulation as an aid to speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):119-148. References. Language: English. Pub type: Literature Review; Review. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Deaf. Lipreading. Electrical Stimulation. Literature Review. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Electrical stimulation to supplement speechreading, postlingually deafened adults, literature review. Abstract: Reviews the literature on the use of electrical stimulation by postlingually deafened adults to supplement speechreading. The authors review the information available on the talker's face and what acoustic information is needed to resolve visual confusions. The basic psychophysical abilities of implant patients are discussed, with particular reference to the information needed for audiovisual communication. Also discussed are auditory-alone and audiovisual perception by cochlear-implant patients, audiovisual training for cochlear-implant children, and research needs in the areas of rehabilitation and evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 72. Author: Plant, Geoff. Affiliation: National Acoustic Labs, Chatswood, NSW, Australia. Title: Speechreading with tactile supplements. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):149-160. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Tactual Displays. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: History of research on tactile aids to supplement speechreading. Abstract: Discusses the history of research on tactile aids to supplement speechreading. One of the biggest problems facing tactile-aid researchers is the lack of Subjects with long-term experience in using tactile aids. It is suggested that researchers developing aids for hearing-impaired people need to provide training staff with a detailed description of the information conveyed by individual aids, which is critical to designing appropriate training programs. Also needed is the development of wearable versions of those experimental aids that have been shown to benefit hearing-impaired Subjects. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 73. Author: Garstecki, Dean C. Affiliation: Northwestern U, Audiology & Hearing Impairment Program, Evanston, IL, US. Title: Speechreading with auditory cues. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):161-177. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Auditory Stimulation. Speech Perception. Visual Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Research in auditory visual speech perception, remedial applications. Abstract: Discusses research describing perceptual behavior, bisensory communication evaluation procedures, and remediation of bisensory perceptual problems. Research in auditory-visual speech perception has focused on the effects of competing noise, filtering, age, hearing loss, and stimulus and noise. Evaluation procedures encompass hearing aid selection, vision contribution, measurement of perception performance, and surveying perception problems. Remediation requires consonant recognition training, sentence and conversation comprehension training, and a training paradigm for all materials. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 74. Author: Kipila, Elizabeth L.; Williams-Scott, Barbara. Affiliation: Gallaudet U, Cued Speech Team, Washington, DC, US. Title: Cued Speech and speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):179-189. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Cues. Lipreading. Gestures. Aurally Handicapped. Verbal Comprehension. Speech Perception. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Cued speech system of handshapes as supplement to speechreading, cue reception & comprehension, hearing impaired & normal hearing persons. Abstract: Discusses research findings on cue reception and comprehension and sensory aid for cues and the applications of cued speech to hearing-impaired speechreaders and normal-hearing individuals. Cued Speech is a phonemically based hand supplement to speechreading comprised of 8 handshapes to represent consonants and 4 positions about the face to represent vowels. The Cued Speech system is based on phonemes and mouthshapes, not language or linguistic concepts. Its intent is to help hearing-impaired people read lips more successfully. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 75. Author: Montgomery, Allen A.; Demorest, Marilyn E. Affiliation: U South Carolina, Columbia, US. Title: Issues and developments in the evaluation of speechreading. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):193-214. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Test Construction. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. General terms: Measurement. Key phrase: Development & use of tests of speechreading, aurally handicapped students & others. Abstract: Discusses issues surrounding the development and uses of tests of speechreading, evaluates current procedures, and offers examples of possible solutions to some current problems. Assessment problems include auditory testing, lack of correlation with other traits, measuring change, inter-talker differences, and the basis for scoring. Measuring change can take into account improvement after instruction, comparison of teaching methods, and individual differences in improvement. The deficiencies of the viseme for scoring open-ended response tasks are discussed. New approaches to assessing speechreading include estimating continuous discourse intelligibility and sentence intelligibility in noise. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 76. Author: de Filippo, Carol L. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf, NY, US. Title: Tracking for speechreading training. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):215-239. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Communication Skills Training. Aurally Handicapped. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Tracking technique for learning speechreading, aurally handicapped. Abstract: "Tracking" is a technique originally described by C. L. De Filippo and B. L. Scott (1978) for training and evaluating the reception of connected discourse (sets of related sentences that form paragraphs and stories). The procedure involves verbatim response, interaction between talker and speechreader, and a rate measure. Among the issues surrounding the procedure are those concerning fail-safe techniques (i.e., accounting for missed words and limiting correction time), talker learning, task learning, material selection, age-related factors, and evaluation vs training. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 77. Author: Yoshinago-Itano, Christine. Affiliation: U Colorado, Boulder, US. Title: Speechreading instruction for children. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):241-259. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Children. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Child. Key phrase: Holistic teaching approach for learning speechreading, hearing impaired children. Abstract: Proposes a holistic approach to teaching hearing-impaired children speechreading, based on the interrelationships among (1) language competence, (2) speech intelligibility, (3) reading, and (4) speechreading skills. The approach includes a repertoire of strategies, child-directed objectives, self-evaluation and teacher evaluation, real-life situations, and a hierarchy of task difficulty. It is noted that success in speechreading is highly related to the child's motivation to improve oral communication and that the more hearing a child has, the better the performance in auditory-visual reception of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 78. Author: Van Uden, Antoine M. Affiliation: Inst voor Doven, Sint Michielsgestel, Netherlands. Title: Interrelating reception and expression in speechreading training. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):261-272. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Visual Perception. Speech Perception. Videotapes. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Interpretation of own videotaped speech as training technique, learning speechreading, hearing impaired. Abstract: Argues that active integration of visual cues, auditory cues, and articulatory cues of speech into one gestalt is important for speechreading success. Without auditory control, control of speech by hearing-impaired individuals is possible only by means of mental images. In training, integration can be accomplished by having hearing-impaired people speechread their own speech via videotape recording and playback. The method promotes development of both speech production and speechreading skills and is recommended for speakers suffering from some degree of dyspraxia (disturbances in the coordination of motor acts) of speech. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 79. Author: Sims, Donald G. Affiliation: Rochester Inst of Technology, National Technical Inst for the Deaf, NY, US. Title: Video methods for speechreading instruction. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):273-288. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Videotape Instruction. Teaching Methods. Adolescents. Individualized Instruction. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Adolescent. Key phrase: Efficacy of self instruction video in learning speechreading, hearing impaired adolescents & adults. Abstract: Addresses the history, methodology, and instructional benefits of self-instruction video as an effective component of speechreading instruction for use with hearing-impaired adults and adolescents. The evolution of video-based instruction is described from its beginnings in filmed experimental instruction to computer-controlled videodiscs. Important factors in the design of video lessons are outlined, including the advantages of different hardware alternatives and computer-assisted learning. Instructional evaluation methods relevant to this type of self-instruction are discussed, and existing research on the effectiveness of current interactive video programs is summarized. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved). 80. Author: Cherry, Rochelle; Rubinstein, Adrienne. Affiliation: City U New York, Brooklyn Coll, US. Title: Speechreading instruction for adults: Issues and approaches. Special Issue: New reflections on speechreading. Source: Volta Review, 1988 Sep, v90 (n5):289-306. References. Language: English. Subject: Thesaurus terms: Lipreading. Teaching Methods. Communication Skills Training. Partially Hearing Impaired. Population terms: Human. Key phrase: Program attributes for successful speechreading instruction, hearing impaired adults. Abstract: Discusses program attributes for successful instruction speechreading. The program structure includes the evaluation of client needs, requ